Critical Theory Cheat Sheet<\/p>\n
Donald E. Hall. Literary and Cultural Theory: From Basic Principles to Advanced Applications. Houghton Mifflin, 2001.<\/p>\n
Theory<\/p>\n
Key Ideas<\/p>\n
Theorists<\/p>\n
Comments<\/p>\n
Formalism \/New Criticism<\/p>\n
1920\u2019s forward<\/p>\n
-analysis of literary structures (genre; character, plot, setting, etc.)<\/p>\n
-rejected literature\u2019s historical and biographical contexts<\/p>\n
-intrinsic meaning of texts; literature expresses \u201cuniversal truths\u201d<\/p>\n
-critic\u2019s task to explore precisely through language and form how that truth is expressed<\/p>\n
-\u201cClose reading\u201d; the TEXT holds THE meaning<\/p>\n
-Aristotle (The Poetics)<\/p>\n
-Plato (The Republic)<\/p>\n
-John Crowe Ransom<\/p>\n
-Cleanth Brooks<\/p>\n
-T.S. Eliot<\/p>\n
Reader Response<\/p>\n
-emphasis on reader\u2019s role in creating meanings<\/p>\n
-meanings generated by a transaction between reader and a text; meaning is not wholly intrinsic to the text<\/p>\n
-Louise Rosenblatt (The Reader, The Text, and The Poem)<\/p>\n
-Robert Probst (Response and Analysis)<\/p>\n
-Wolfgang Iser<\/p>\n
-Stanley Fish<\/p>\n
-Norman Holland<\/p>\n
Rhetorical Analysis<\/p>\n
-\u201can authorial presence [in a text] that leads the text\u2019s rhetorically attuned reader toward an authorially desired interpretation or response\u201d (44)<\/p>\n
-Wayne Booth<\/p>\n
Marxist\/Materialist Analysis<\/p>\n
-based on Marx\u2019s theories of class and cultural production<\/p>\n
-importance of class and economic conditions; power relationships and class ideologies presented within a text<\/p>\n
-Terry Eagleton<\/p>\n
-Karl Marx<\/p>\n
-Frederich Engles<\/p>\n
Psychoanalytic Analysis<\/p>\n
-concept of the unconscious, conscious, ego and id<\/p>\n
-human activity not always conscious<\/p>\n
-nature\/ nurture<\/p>\n
-developmental stages; childhood trauma and its effect on development<\/p>\n
-Sigmund Freud<\/p>\n
-Jacques Lacan<\/p>\n
-Northrup Frye<\/p>\n
Structuralism and Semiotic Analysis<\/p>\n
-principles of scientific linguistic study applied to literature<\/p>\n
-signified (the concept), signifier (the word), sign (combination of concept and word)<\/p>\n
-making meaning through binaries (oppositions)<\/p>\n
-no sign is ever fully understandable<\/p>\n
-language structures our perception of reality<\/p>\n
-language is never neutral<\/p>\n
-Ferdinand de Saussure (linguistics)<\/p>\n
-Claude Levi-Strauss (anthropology)<\/p>\n
-Romon Jakobsen (linguistics)<\/p>\n
-Jonathan Culler<\/p>\n
-Roland Barthes<\/p>\n
-Umberto Eco (The Name of the Rose)<\/p>\n
-Robert Scholes<\/p>\n
Deconstruction\/ Post-structuralism<\/p>\n
-calls into question all assumptions of comprehension and comprehensiveness; meaning never certain, always \u201cdeferred.\u201d<\/p>\n
-the power deployed and social relationships organized through discourse<\/p>\n
-\u201cdifference\u201d: meaning made through differences among signs, but never made certain<\/p>\n
-texts betray traces of their own instability<\/p>\n
-there is nothing outside the text<\/p>\n
-\u201cblindness and insight\u201d<\/p>\n
-the world is a text<\/p>\n
-Jacques Derrida<\/p>\n
-Michael Foucault<\/p>\n
-Jonathan Culler<\/p>\n
Feminist Analysis<\/p>\n
-focuses on gender (the social roles performed by the sexes)<\/p>\n
-draws upon and influences every other critical theory<\/p>\n
-recognition of different degrees of social power granted to and exercised by women and men<\/p>\n
-explores complex ways women have been denied social power and the right to free expression<\/p>\n
-like Marxist and materialist analysis, feminist criticism sees texts as thoroughly social-language, institutions, and social power reflect patriarchal interests<\/p>\n
-women resist and are subversive to patriarchal power<\/p>\n
-Julia Kristeva<\/p>\n
-Hekene Cixous<\/p>\n
-Luce Irigaray<\/p>\n
-bell hooks (race and gender)<\/p>\n
Toril Moi<\/p>\n
Elaine Showalter<\/p>\n
Gay\/Lesbian\/Queer Analysis<\/p>\n
-encompasses many different methodologies (post-structuralism, gender, race, class, psychology)<\/p>\n
-focus on sexuality as a particularly important component of human identity, social organization, and textual representation<\/p>\n
-influence of negative attitudes toward same-sex desire<\/p>\n
-social attitudes about sexuality have changed dramatically; differ significantly for men and women<\/p>\n
-issues of \u201cnormality\u201d are appropriate subjects for critique and investigation<\/p>\n
-Henry Abelove<\/p>\n
-Margaret Cruikshank<\/p>\n
-Michael Foucault<\/p>\n
-Eve Sedgwick<\/p>\n
Race, Ethnicity, and Post-Colonial Analysis<\/p>\n
-explores relationships between a text and its social context<\/p>\n
-examines how the belief systems of a time and place are reflected in, and potentially altered by literary representation<\/p>\n
-racism and ethnocentrism are thoroughly entrenched in language, literature, art, and social institutions<\/p>\n
-\u201crace\u201d = physical distinctions combined with distinct social history<\/p>\n
-\u201cethnicity\u201d = nonphysical aspects of cultural identity (religion, social customs, language)<\/p>\n
-\u201cpost-colonialism\u201d focuses on national and regional legacies of national and regional imperialism and colonialism<\/p>\n
-commitment to challenging oppression based on cultural identity<\/p>\n
-understanding that race and ethnicity have been used in ways that empowered and oppressed<\/p>\n
-Gloria Anzaldua<\/p>\n
-Henry Louis Gates<\/p>\n
-bell hooks<\/p>\n
-Elaine H. Kim<\/p>\n
-Edward W. Said<\/p>\n
New Historicism and cultural studies<\/p>\n
-New Historicism uses many other forms of analysis but always rooted in historical research on past eras and pre-20th century texts<\/p>\n
-cultural analysis also uses many other forms of analysis. Focuses on 20th century or present-day works; often emphasizes non-literary genres<\/p>\n
-history is not linearly progressive and is not reducible to the activities of prominent individuals<\/p>\n
-daily life reveals much about belief systems of a time period<\/p>\n
-Wayne C. Booth<\/p>\n
-John Brannigan<\/p>\n
-Michael Foucault<\/p>\n
-Stephen Greenblatt<\/p>\n
PAGE<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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