Instructions:
\nFor this assignment, you will annotate an article. Please read the instructions and follow each step carefully. There are three steps. Turn on Track Changes under the Review tab in Word before you begin. Be sure your Track Changes shows All Markup not just a Simple Markup.
\nStep 1: Predict and preview
\nAfter reading the title and glancing over the text and author\u2019s biography (below), what do you think the text will be about? What do you understand about the text from the title? What do you know already about this topic (sample nursing essay examples by the best nursing assignment writing service)? What questions do you have about the text? Enter your response to the preview here:
\nStep 2: Read, summarize, and annotate
\nAs you read the article, use the Track Changes function to annotate the text.<\/p>\n
1.\tDouble click the last word of a paragraph, and then click the New Comment button under the Review tab to add a comment box. Type your one sentence summary (paraphrase) of the paragraph in the box. Summarize every paragraph in the essay. Group short paragraphs of the same topic (sample nursing essay examples by the best nursing assignment writing service) together for summarizing.
\n2.\tWhat words do you not understand? Define them directly in the text next to the word. Only put the definition for the word in its exact context (not all the definitions).
\n3.\tAnnotate the text. Use the functions in Microsoft Word to highlight sections or words and underline sentences or sections that are important, just like you would if you were annotating a hard copy of the essay. Use the following key to annotate your text:
\n\u2022\tHighlight the main ideas of paragraphs, including the thesis
\n\u2022\tUnderline supporting details or interesting quotes\/facts\/ideas
\n\u2022\tBold any counterarguments. If you are handwriting, you can circle the counterarguments.
\nStep 3: Vocabulary words
\nAs you read the text, you need to list and words that you do not know here with their definitions. If you know all the words, you need to find and define at least TWO words that you think other students might struggle with. You should have a minimum of TWO words with definitions listed below:<\/p>\n
Step 4: Answering questions about the text (after you read it!)<\/p>\n
1.\tGive an example from the text that is a FACT.<\/p>\n
2.\tGive an example from the text that is an ARGUMENT, in other words a claim that is debatable.<\/p>\n
\u201cExtensive Data Shows Punishing Reach of Racism for Black Boys\u201d by Emily Badger, Claire Cain Miller, Adam Pearce, and Kevin Quealy
\nhttps:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2018\/03\/19\/upshot\/race-class-white-and-black-men.html
\n(I recommend that you open the link while reading this, so you can see the charts and graphics)<\/p>\n
Black boys raised in America, even in the wealthiest families and living in some of the most well-to-do neighborhoods, still earn less in adulthood than white boys with similar backgrounds, according to a sweeping new study that traced the lives of millions of children.<\/p>\n
White boys who grow up rich are likely to remain that way. Black boys raised at the top, however, are more likely to become poor than to stay wealthy in their own adult households.<\/p>\n
Even when children grow up next to each other with parents who earn similar incomes, black boys fare worse than white boys in 99 percent of America. And the gaps only worsen in the kind of neighborhoods that promise low poverty and good schools.<\/p>\n
According to the study, led by researchers at Stanford, Harvard and the Census Bureau, income inequality between blacks and whites is driven entirely by what is happening among these boys and the men they become. Though black girls and women face deep inequality on many measures, black and white girls from families with comparable earnings attain similar individual incomes as adults. \u201cYou would have thought at some point you escape the poverty trap,\u201d said Nathaniel Hendren, a Harvard economist and an author of the study. Black boys \u2014 even rich black boys \u2014 can seemingly never assume that.<\/p>\n
The study, based on anonymous earnings and demographic data for virtually all Americans now in their late 30s, debunks a number of other widely held hypotheses about income inequality. Gaps persisted even when black and white boys grew up in families with the same income, similar family structures, similar education levels and even similar levels of accumulated wealth.<\/p>\n
The disparities that remain also can\u2019t be explained by differences in cognitive ability, an argument made by people who cite racial gaps in test scores that appear for both black boys and girls. If such inherent differences existed by race, \u201cyou\u2019ve got to explain to me why these putative ability differences aren\u2019t handicapping women,\u201d said David Grusky, a Stanford sociologist who has reviewed the research.<\/p>\n
A more likely possibility, the authors suggest, is that test scores don\u2019t accurately measure the abilities of black children in the first place. If this inequality can\u2019t be explained by individual or household traits, much of what matters probably lies outside the home \u2014 in surrounding neighborhoods, in the economy and in a society that views black boys differently from white boys, and even from black girls. \u201cOne of the most popular liberal post-racial ideas is the idea that the fundamental problem is class and not race, and clearly this study explodes that idea,\u201d said Ibram Kendi, a professor and director of the Antiracist Research and Policy Center at American University. \u201cBut for whatever reason, we\u2019re unwilling to stare racism in the face.\u201d<\/p>\n
The authors, including the Stanford economist Raj Chetty and two census researchers, Maggie R. Jones and Sonya R. Porter, tried to identify neighborhoods where poor black boys do well, and as well as whites. \u201cThe problem,\u201d Mr. Chetty said, \u201cis that there are essentially no such neighborhoods in America.\u201d The few neighborhoods that met this standard were in areas that showed less discrimination in surveys and tests of racial bias. They mostly had low poverty rates. And, intriguingly, these pockets \u2014 including parts of the Maryland suburbs of Washington, and corners of Queens and the Bronx \u2014 were the places where many lower-income black children had fathers at home. Poor black boys did well in such places, whether their own fathers were present or not. \u201cThat is a path breaking finding,\u201d said William Julius Wilson, a Harvard sociologist whose books have chronicled the economic struggles of black men. \u201cThey\u2019re not talking about the direct effects of a boy\u2019s own parents\u2019 marital status. They\u2019re talking about the presence of fathers in a given census tract.\u201d Other fathers in the community can provide boys with role models and mentors, researchers say, and their presence may indicate other neighborhood factors that benefit families, like lower incarceration rates and better job opportunities.<\/p>\n
The research makes clear that there is something unique about the obstacles black males face. The gap between Hispanic (the best nursing writing service, a studybay for your papers)s and whites is narrower, and their incomes will converge within a couple of generations if mobility stays the same. Asian-Americans earn more than whites raised at the same income level, or about the same when first-generation immigrants are excluded. Only Native Americans have an income gap comparable to African-Americans. But the disparities are widest for black boys.<\/p>\n
\u201cThis crystallizes and puts data behind this thing that we always knew was there because we either felt it ourselves or we\u2019ve seen it over time,\u201d said Will Jawando, 35, who worked in the Obama White House on My Brother\u2019s Keeper, a mentoring initiative for black boys. Even without this data, the people who worked on that project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees), he said, believed that individual and structural racism targeted black men in ways that required policies devised specifically for them.<\/p>\n
Mr. Jawando, the son of a Nigerian father and a white mother, grew up poor in Silver Spring, Md. The Washington suburb contains some of the rare neighborhoods where black and white boys appear to do equally well. Mr. Jawando, who identifies as black, is now a married lawyer with three daughters. He is among the black boys who climbed from the bottom to the top.<\/p>\n
He was one of the 20 million children born between 1978 and 1983 whose lives are reflected in the study. Using census data that included tax files, the researchers were able to link the adult fortunes of those children to their parents\u2019 incomes. Names and addresses were hidden from the researchers.<\/p>\n
Previous research suggests some reasons there may be a large income gap between black and white men, but not between women, even though women of color face both sexism and racism.<\/p>\n
Other studies show that boys, across races, are more sensitive than girls to disadvantages like growing up in poverty or facing discrimination. While black women also face negative effects of racism, black men often experience racial discrimination differently. As early as preschool, they are more likely to be disciplined in school. They are pulled over or detained and searched by police officers more often.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt\u2019s not just being black but being male that has been hyper-stereotyped in this negative way, in which we\u2019ve made black men scary, intimidating, with a propensity toward violence,\u201d said Noelle Hurd, a psychology professor at the University of Virginia.<\/p>\n
She said this racist stereotype particularly hurts black men economically, now that service-sector jobs, requiring interaction with customers, have replaced the manufacturing jobs that previously employed men with less education.<\/p>\n
The new data shows that 21 percent of black men raised at the very bottom were incarcerated, according to a snapshot of a single day during the 2010 census. Black men raised in the top 1 percent \u2014 by millionaires \u2014 were as likely to be incarcerated as white men raised in households earning about $36,000.<\/p>\n
At the same time, boys benefit more than girls from adult attention and resources, as do low-income and nonwhite children, a variety of studies have found. Mentors who aren\u2019t children\u2019s parents, but who share those children\u2019s gender and race, serve a particularly important role for black children, Ms. Hurd has found. That helps explain why the presence of black fathers in a neighborhood, even if not in a child\u2019s home, appears to make a difference.<\/p>\n
Some of the widest black-white income gaps in this study appear in wealthy communities. This fits with previous research that has shown that the effects of racial discrimination cross class lines. Although all children benefit from growing up in places with higher incomes and more resources, black children do not benefit nearly as much as white children do. Moving black boys to opportunity is no guarantee they can tap into it.<\/p>\n
\u201cSimply because you\u2019re in an area that is more affluent, it\u2019s still hard for black boys to present themselves as independent from the stereotype of black criminality,\u201d said Khiara Bridges, a professor of law and anthropology at Boston University who has written a coming paper on discrimination against affluent black people.<\/p>\n
This dynamic still weighs on Mr. Jawando. He has a good income, multiple degrees and political aspirations \u2014 he is running for county council in Montgomery County, where he grew up. But in his own community, he is careful to dress like a professional.<\/p>\n
\u201cI think if I\u2019m putting on a sweatsuit, if I go somewhere, will I be seen as just kind of a hood black guy?\u201d he said. \u201cOr will people recognize me at all?\u201d Those small daily decisions \u2014 to wear a blazer or not \u2014 follow him despite his success. \u201cI don\u2019t think you escape those things,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n
OTHER FINDINGS FROM THE RESEARCH
\nThis study makes it possible to look in greater detail at interrelated disparities that researchers have long studied around income, marriage rates and incarceration. Here are some of the other findings.<\/p>\n
One reason income gaps between whites and blacks appear so large at the household level is that black men and women are less likely to be married. That means their households are more likely to have a single income \u2014 not two. For this reason and others, many point to differences in family structure as a primary driver of racial income inequality. If black children don\u2019t have married parents, the argument goes, they\u2019re more likely to grow up with fewer resources and less adult attention at home.<\/p>\n
This study found, however, that broad income disparities still exist between black and white men even when they\u2019re raised in homes with the same incomes and the same family structure.<\/p>\n
As this chart shows, a black man raised by two parents together in the 90th percentile \u2014 making around $140,000 a year \u2014 earns about the same in adulthood as a white man raised by a single mother making $60,000 alone.<\/p>\n
Asian-Americans earn more in adulthood than whites who were raised in families with similar incomes. But that advantage largely disappears when the researchers look only at children whose parents were born in the United States. Non-immigrant Asian-Americans fare about as well in the economy as whites. (The study did not divide immigrant mothers into smaller groups by origin.)<\/p>\n
In previous work, some of these same researchers looked at how the prospects for poor children vary depending on where they grow up. The middle map above shows those earlier results: Poor children appeared to have less opportunity in the Southeast and more in the Northern Great Plains. With the new data, it\u2019s now possible to look at the effects of geography separately for blacks and whites.<\/p>\n
Poor white children struggle in parts of the Southeast and Appalachia. But they still fare better there than poor black children do in most of America. In effect, the worst places for whites produce outcomes that are about as good as the best places for blacks. These new maps also suggest that part of the reason the Southeast looks bad for all children, in the middle map, is that the region is home to many black children who fare particularly poorly there.<\/p>\n
African-Americans made up about 35 percent of all children raised in the bottom 1 percent of the income distribution. They made up less than 1 percent of the children at the very top. This picture captures both a source of racial inequality and a consequence of it. White children are more likely to start life with economic advantages. But we now know that even when they start with the same advantages as black children, white boys still fare better, only reinforcing the disparities seen here.<\/p>\n
The Real Starting Positions
\nThe ladder charts so far have shown equal numbers of black and white boys raised by rich or poor families \u2014 what would happen, in other words, if we started with 10,000 boys, and half were black and half white.<\/p>\n
In reality, whites and blacks are not represented equally across the income spectrum. More than two-thirds of black boys are raised by poor or lower-middle-class families, while more than half of white boys are raised by rich or upper-middle-class families. The chart below depicts boys from every income
\nquintile \u2013 not just the top or bottom ones \u2013 proportioned according to their real starting places in life.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
This assignment requires you to annotate an article. Please carefully read the instructions and follow each step. There are three steps involved. Before you begin, enable Track Changes in Word’s Review tab. Check that your Track Changes displays All Markup rather than simply a Simple Markup.<\/p>\n
Step 1: Make a prediction and a preview.<\/p>\n
What do you believe the text will be about after reading the title and skimming the content and author’s biography (below)? What do you make of the title’s description of the text? What do you already know about this subject? What are your thoughts on the text? Fill up the blanks with your reaction to the preview:<\/p>\n
Step 2: Read, summarize, and annotate what you’ve read.<\/p>\n
As you read the article, utilize the Track Changes option to keep track of any changes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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