Running head: IBUPROFEN 1
\nIbuprofen
\nIma Student
\nPSY630 Psychopharmacology
\nProfessor Smith
\n8\/25\/20XX
\nNote to student: This is a worked example paper for the \u201cRapid Review\u201d assignments in Weeks
\nThree, Four, and Five of PSY630: Psychopharmacology. Your paper does not need to (and
\nprobably should not) look just like this example paper. Depending on the drug you chose, your
\npaper may be more complicated, involve more subsections, and cover different topic (sample nursing essay examples by the best nursing assignment writing service)s with more
\nor less depth. This example paper is meant to give you a general idea of what to include and
\nwhat depth of detail to use. Ask your instructor if you have any concerns.
\nIBUPROFEN 2
\nIbuprofen
\nGeneral Description
\nIbuprofen belongs to the larger class of drugs referred to as the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and also includes naproxen, aspirin, indomethacin and celecoxib,
\namong others. Ibuprofen was chosen as a paper topic (sample nursing essay examples by the best nursing assignment writing service) because of its\u2019 widespread over-thecounter (OTC) use. Ibuprofen has, as the name NSAID suggests, anti-inflammatory effects
\nmaking it useful in a wide variety of disorders where the inflammatory response needs to be
\nsuppressed. Relatedly, it is also an analgesic, partly due to its\u2019 anti-inflammatory effect which is
\ncentral to many disorders and injuries which cause pain, but also to a separate secondary
\nmechanism which is poorly understood. It is also an anti-pyretic and useful for treating fever.
\nSteroids also reduce inflammation; however they have a large number of broad side effects
\nincluding immune-suppression which make NSAIDS like ibuprofen a better choice for many
\nconditions. Ibuprofen and many other NSAIDs are also superior to aspirin in people allergic to
\naspirin and other salicylates (Atchinson, Herndon, & Rusie, 2013; Roda, Bag\u00e1n, Soriano, &
\nRomero, 2007).
\nSpecific indications include: general relief of mild to moderate pain, menstrual pain, fever,
\nrheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, headache, migraine, dental pain. It sees use across a wide
\nvariety of medical conditions and procedures.
\nMechanism of Action
\nIbuprofen and the other NSAIDs reduce the production of prostaglandins. These
\nsubstances are produced by injured tissues or tissues inflamed by some type of immune response.
\nSpecifically, ibuprofen inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). However, COX has more
\nIBUPROFEN 3
\nthan one form and is directly or indirectly involved in the activity of other biological processes
\nproducing a variety of side effects (Roda et al., 2007).
\nDosage, Administration, Absorption, and Metabolism
\nIbuprofen is administered by mouth, although rectal suppositories are available for those
\nunable to swallow. The dose for an adult is 200-400mg three times daily for OTC use. Under
\nmedical supervision doses up to 800mg four times a day may be given. It is typically taken with
\nfood to avoid stomach upset. After being taken ibuprofen enters the bloodstream in about 30
\nminutes reaching its peak in 1-2 hours. It has a half-life of around 2 hours. After first pass
\nmetabolism it has a bio-availability of 80% and is 99% plasma bound. Its two inactive
\nmetabolites are excreted by the kidneys (Blondell, Azadfard & Wisniewski, 2013; Roda et al.,
\n2007), making health kidney function very important to use this drug safely.
\nSide Effects and Contraindications
\nBecause ibuprofen inhibits the COX enzyme it also interferes with blood clotting and
\nfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary side effects of ibuprofen are gastric upset
\noccasionally leading to ulcer with long term use. There is some risk of bleeding, especially for
\nthose with a history of bleeding disorders or about to undergo a surgical procedure. Kidney
\ndamage has also been reported. As with many drugs these side effects are linked to the dosage
\ninvolved and the length of use (Blondell, Azadfard & Wisniewski, 2013; Conaghan, 2012; Roda
\net al., 2007).
\nOther reported but fairly rare side effects include: headache, dizziness, sleepiness,
\nfatigue, ringing in the ears, changes in vision, rash, sun sensitivity, sweating, dry mouth,
\nconstipation, diarrhea, flatulence, painful urination, increased menstrual bleeding, altered blood
\ncount, bone marrow depression, shortness of breath, coughing blood, runny nose, hypertension,
\nIBUPROFEN 4
\nstroke and heart attack. There is some indication that ibuprofen may be implicated in
\nmiscarriages, rhabdomyolysis, and erectile dysfunction (Atchinson, Herndon, Rusie, 2013;
\nBlondell, Azadfard & Wisniewski, 2013; Conaghan, 2012; Roda et al., 2007).
\nThis drug should be used with care in the elderly or very young, people with bleeding
\ndisorders or a history of ulcers. The drug should not be taken with other NSAIDs or with
\nsteroids. Drug interactions include: lithium, some diuretics, beta-blockers, and selective
\nserotonin reuptake inhibitors. The patient should also avoid alcohol because of the risk of
\nstomach irritation as well as steroids due to the risk of stomach ulcers. People with a previous
\nsensitivity to any NSAID should avoid ibuprofen. Ibuprofen does cross the placental barrier and
\nenters breast milk and should be used by pregnant or nursing mothers only under medical advice
\n(Blondell, Azadfard & Wisniewski, 2013; Conaghan, 2012; Roda et al., 2007).
\nOverdose
\nSince being introduced as an OTC drug overdose has become more common.
\nOccasionally this is due to intent, however, it typically appears to be more often the result of
\ncasual use or inadvertent overdose by combining several OTC products with the patient being
\nunaware that they all contained ibuprofen. Symptoms of overdose typically include: abdominal
\npain, nausea, vomiting, headache, tinnitus and drowsiness. In more severe cases gastrointestinal
\nbleeding, seizures, low blood pressure, acidosis, irregular heartbeat, coma, kidney failure and
\nrespiratory depression can occur. Treatment for overdose includes emptying the stomach,
\nintestinal irrigation, IV fluids and monitoring. Overdose is occasionally fatal and intensive care
\nmay be needed (Conaghan, 2012).
\nIBUPROFEN 5
\nOther Notes
\nIbuprofen is often combined with other analgesics that do not fall into the NSAID class
\nsuch as acetaminophen. It is sometimes used in conjunction with opiate drugs like codeine to
\nreduce the amount of opiate needed to relieve pain (Blondell, Azadfard, & Wisniewski, 2013).
\nConsumers need to check OTC medication labels and avoid combining ibuprofen with other
\nOTC medications because ibuprofen or other NSAIDs are found in many OTC preparations.
\nConcluding Remarks
\nDespite the extensive list of side effects and contraindications ibuprofen is a popular and
\nsafe medication for the everyday aches, pains, and injuries of life. However, like all
\nmedications, it needs to be used wisely. In particular knowing the medical history of the patient,
\navoiding other interacting drugs and limiting the dose and length of use will prevent the vast
\nmajority of issues.
\nIBUPROFEN 6
\nReferences
\nAtchinson, J. W., Herndon, C. M., & Rusie, E. (2013). NSAIDs for musculoskeletal pain
\nmanagement: Current perspectives and novel strategies to improve safety [Supplemental
\nmaterial]. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 19(9), S3-S19.
\nBlondell, R. D., Azadfard, M., & Wisniewski, A. M. (2013, June 1). Pharmacologic therapy for
\nacute pain. American Family Physician, 87(11), 766-772.
\nConaghan, P. G. (2012). A turbulent decade for NSAIDs: Update on current concepts of
\nclassification, epidemiology, comparative efficacy, and toxicity. Rheumatology
\nInternational, 32(6), 1491-1502. doi: 10.1007\/s00296-011-2263-6
\nRoda, R. P., Bag\u00e1n, J. V., Soriano, Y. J., & Romero, L. G. (2007). Use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs in dental practice. A review (English). Medicina Oral, Patologia
\nOral, Cirugia Bucal, 12, E10-18.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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