{"id":117261,"date":"2022-12-28T17:16:06","date_gmt":"2022-12-28T17:16:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nursingstudybay.com\/?p=117261"},"modified":"2022-12-28T17:20:32","modified_gmt":"2022-12-28T17:20:32","slug":"international-auditing-and-assurance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/international-auditing-and-assurance\/","title":{"rendered":"International Auditing and Assurance"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>subject : International Auditing and Assurance<br \/>\nWords 3400 not more than that<br \/>\nfollow Book ACCA Approved Interactive Text foundations in Accounting and Foundations in Audit<br \/>\nReference must follow APA7<br \/>\nFABS<br \/>\nLevel 7 Module 2022\/23<br \/>\nInternational Auditing and Assurance<br \/>\nMain Assessment<\/p>\n<p>Coursework Task  2 of 2<\/p>\n<p>Scenario<\/p>\n<p>It is now 30  November  2022  and you are part of your firm\u2019s team engaged on the audit of the financial statements of Valu Limited  (Valu) for the year ended 30 September 2022.The company is a new client of your firm and the following points are pertinent to the audit.<\/p>\n<p>1)\tValu is a UK retailer with a chain of shops selling jewellery, gem stones and watches.<br \/>\nIn its early years of trading, the company profited well from the buoyant conditions in the UK economy. In more recent years, it has bucked the trend of poor performance by high street retailers, by combining very effective discounted   purchasing   activity with some excellent marketing strategies.<\/p>\n<p>2)\tIt was founded in 2002 by Able and Cassie Valu, a married couple who are joint  Chief  Executive Officers and  two of the  four directors of Valu .They each own 35% of the company&#8217;s share capital. The remaining 30% is owned by several other individuals who aren\u2019t employees of Valu and are unrelated to Able and Cassie. In 2019 Valu paid \u00a31,200,000 for a minority shareholding in an overseas company called Bliss Ltd, a holiday villa and camping site operator.  Up to the time of Valu purchasing its shares and through 2019 Bliss Ltd was profitable, but since then it has incurred very heavy trading losses and continues to operate in an extremely competitive market place in difficult market conditions.<\/p>\n<p>3)\tYour firm was appointed as the company\u2019s auditors in March 2022 following a loss of   confidence by its directors in the previous auditors. This was because in the first instance,    contrary to the directors\u2019 EXPECTATIONS  the previous auditors had  refused the directors\u2019 request to design and install a new  computer \u2013  based inventory control system to improve internal  control over the company\u2019s inventory, and in the second, the auditors had failed to detect a fraud  perpetrated  against  Valu by the company\u2019s  finance  and operations directors,  acting in collusion and  they wouldn\u2019t accept  that they  should have  detected  the fraud . The fraud resulted in over-reimbursements of business travelling expenses to the operations director during the year ended 30   September 2021. The consequent overpayments and losses by Valu amounted to \u00a37,916,  and  Able and Cassie only became aware of the fraud when they were approached by a loyal employee who  became suspicious about the directors\u2019 actions when he  heard them  chatting about the  company\u2019s expenses reimbursement  policy; and though both directors were dismissed  for  gross misconduct in this respect, no action was taken to  recover  the monies because  the ( now former) operations director is Able\u2019s sister.<\/p>\n<p>Discovering that the company had been defrauded by their fellow directors (since replaced) was a shock for Able and Cassie in that they had fully EXPECTED the auditors to detect the fraud. It was also a chastening experience which made them think carefully about the way the company was being run. They\u2019d thought the auditors had been negligent in not detecting the fraud and reflected about other possible problems at the company not picked up by the auditors which could result in further damage, issues and losses for the company .Therefore, they resolved to move forward with a new approach to the way they governed the company and part of this new approach was to find a new firm of external auditors with the directors\u2019 EXPECTATION of working with the firm in an informal directors\/ external auditor working partnership; working closely together for the greater good and future prosperity of Valu. Following a series of pitches to the company\u2019s directors for the appointment, by three audit firms including your own, your firm was engaged as the company\u2019s new auditors.  One of the directors\u2019 EXPECTATIONS of your firm is that it will be more vigilant than the previous auditors when carrying out its audit procedures in order to be and so be absolutely certain it will detect any fraudulent acts perpetrated against Valu by any of its directors and employees.<\/p>\n<p>4)\tWhen chatting to your firm\u2019s audit manager  in March 2022,  Able and Cassie commented that they fully understood that for most company audits, generally  there  is a  need for auditors  to  adopt   a  suspicious approach  when obtaining  whatever  audit  evidence they obtain to meet  objectives, and  to have zero  trust in directors. And, while to some extent they EXPECTED your firm would adopt this approach given the earlier incidence of fraud by Valu\u2019s two former directors; they also had EXPECTATIONS that as they are the joint majority shareholders in Valu, your firm should place a high degree of trust in the reliability of any written and verbal representations made personally by themselves when obtaining audit evidence. Able and  Cassie both confirmed that every business  decision  they make  is  for the benefit of Valu limited, and they needed and  EXPECTED your  firm to accept  they would always be  totally honest  in their dealings  with your firm  during the audit  of  their company\u2019s financial statements. In later discussions with  the audit manager, the new  financial director ( Winston  Jones ) stressed all the directors felt that Able  and Cassie\u2019s   EXPECTATIONS in this  respect were  justified because Able and Cassie have nothing to gain by being untruthful when communicating with  external auditors; and such an approach would  mean  your firm  could spend  less time obtaining  audit evidence and allow a  consequent reduction in the audit fee. Similarly<br \/>\n&#8211; and again  something which  Winston discussed  with  your firm\u2019s audit partner  prior to the commencement of the audit &#8211;   Able and  Cassie have never been  able to understand the  need for Valu\u2019s  external auditor to  have any concerns about  the  business risk profile of  the company. He mentioned that the directors  were  totally aware of the need to identify and  mitigate    business risks, and in view  of this Able has  maintained  a  register of  business risks faced  by  Valu. Compiled, over the  last 20 years  and reviewed and updated  regularly following discussions with  his co-directors, senior employees and external consultants; the computer-based register contains details  of  significant business risks including  the likelihood  of  the linked threat of an event or activity  which will adversely impact Valu, the  potential  effect  on the company\u2019s   day &#8211; to &#8211; day operations  at  both overall  and  branch  shop  level and  the measures in place  to  avoid or reduce the  risk.  Given this situation, the directors have confirmed their EXPECTATION that your firm will not need to get involved in the identification and the potential effect of business risks faced by Valu, because the company doesn\u2019t need any advice in this area \u2013 they just want your firm to focus on auditing the company\u2019s financial statements and ignore business risk issues generally. With this in mind Able commented that he didn\u2019t EXPECT your firm to need access to the register of business risks. That  said,  Able  and Cassie  EXPECT your firm\u2019s audit  partner to  attend the  company\u2019s  board of  directors\u2019 meetings and be  part  of  Valu\u2019s executive decision making process with  regard to the company\u2019s  strategy  to improve profitability   and  to  improve  and monitor the company\u2019s system  of internal control.<\/p>\n<p>5)\tThe company has ten branch shops located in large cities throughout the UK.  Each of the branches employs a manager who is Helped by one full &#8211; time and one part-time (Saturday only) Helpant. Staff at each branch are entitled to individual wages bonuses based on monthly sales. Approximately   45 % of the company&#8217;s sales  are  made to individual shoppers  at the branches  with  about 35 %  coming from its internet  sales operation and approximately 20% from wholesale exports  to various independent   boutique  design jewellery shops  located  in  Denmark, Finland and Sweden.<br \/>\nConversations  with  Able  revealed that  since the UK left the European Union, exports to  these countries have decreased  significantly so he has been  looking  to other  export markets, including  the USA and Indonesia  to  try  to replace the lost  sales.<\/p>\n<p>6)\tValu purchases most of its merchandise (goods for resale) from   Africa, Sri Lanka  and China. As a consequence of this, the vast majority of its purchase invoices are invoiced to the company in foreign currency. The company pays the invoices in foreign currency, by bank credit transfer.<\/p>\n<p>7). In May  2022, with a view to  improving the  company&#8217;s  gross profit margins  &#8211; by selling  in &#8211; house  crafted  jewellery, the company issued extra share capital to all  existing  shareholder such that  all  owned the same proportion of the company\u2019s shares before  and after the issue; and Able and Cassie also  made a long-term loan  of  \u00a380,000 to Valu. They re-mortgaged their home to put their monies into the company. The additional share capital and loan financed the setting up of a jewellery workshop operation. This  involved converting  the upper  floor accommodation at two of the  branch shops  into workshops,  and  employing  four  jewellery  makers at  each to  make nine- carat gold  rings,  gemstone necklaces and bracelets from imported  raw material components. The workshops were opened on 1 July 2022, with each of the eight jewellery makers attracting a gross salary cost of \u00a340,000 per annum for Valu from that date. Both workshops have expensive fittings  and security  features and are kitted out  with  brand new expensive high technology cutting, colouring and fixing equipment &#8211; some items of which are  high value, very small, transportable and easily damaged. Additionally, contracts were signed with three separate independent jewellery making companies &#8211; each with their own workshop premises &#8211; to produce hand-crafted jewellery for Valu. The contracts  include a  clause that  raw materials paid  for  by  Valu will  be  delivered to  the dealers for safekeeping, held as inventory on behalf  of Valu  and used  in the production of merchandise but at all times the inventory remains the property  of Valu, with Valu retaining all legal rights  of ownership. Cassie has  estimated  that  in terms of value, at any one time approximately  fifteen  per cent of Valu\u2019s  total inventory  is held in  the independent jewellers&#8217;  and  company workshops.<\/p>\n<p>8)\tAble and Cassie, all branch managers and five head office staff employees are   each provided with a company car. Cassie  mentioned in a meeting with the  audit  manager that all  branch  staff  had  received an annual  increase on their   basic pay of  3% as compared to  the previous year.<\/p>\n<p>9)\tWinston Jones is the son of Cassie\u2019s best friend. With  the support of  two  full  &#8211; time and  one  part-time accounts Helpant, he prepares the company&#8217;s monthly and annual financial statements using a highly complex computer-based accounting system which was installed in  February 2022  and ran  live with effect from 1 March 2022, fully replacing  the old outdated system from that  date.  Winston previously worked as an audit Helpant at your firm. He is a friendly individual age 29 years, who left   school with 3 Advance Level certificates including one in Accountancy. However, he lacks drive and ambition as evidenced by his very limited progress with his professional accountancy exams (ACCA), after ten years of trying.  Disillusioned by this, and attracted by the prospect of being provided with a company car, in January 2022 Winston commenced employment with Valu as its Financial Director. Cassie and Able consider Winston to be a charming and delightful young man and certainly someone who will always work in the best interest of Valu. Your firm was sorry to see him leave because he was a reasonably effective employee despite possessing a rather lazy approach to keeping up-to-date with developments in accounting standards.<\/p>\n<p>10)\tDuring a conversation with Cedric Candod who is a member of your firm\u2019s audit team, one of Valu\u2019s accounts Helpants remarked:<br \/>\n\u201cThe idea that your audit team use assertions when auditing our company&#8217;s financial statements is silly. You\u2019re just auditing the figures disclosed in the financial statements to make sure there\u2019s no mistakes of any kind in them, aren\u2019t you? Plain and simple &#8211; you\u2019re not bothered about anything else disclosed in the financial statements, it\u2019s the figures you focus on and any mistakes in them isn\u2019t it  \u2013 yes any mistakes by error or omission in the figures irrespective of nature and size ? To say you\u2019re using<br \/>\n\u2018assertions\u2019 confuses people with jargon and makes an audit sound more difficult than it really is \u2013 the only time  auditors  are interested  in  assertions is  when they make them in their  auditor\u2019s report  about the honesty of  the directors and the company\u2019s performance. That\u2019s the purpose of the auditor\u2019s report  isn\u2019t it &#8211;  to make assertions about  these  two points and  give confidence to  a company\u2019s shareholders  that the directors  of the company have carried out all of their responsibilities &#8211; whatever they are  &#8211; efficiently? \u201c.<\/p>\n<p>11)\tIn March 2022, Valu commenced a refurbishment (improvement), repairs and decoration programme of its branch shops, using a national firm of shopfitters to carry out the work.  The objective of the programme is to remodel each shop both internally and externally to attract more customers and generally improve the \u201ccustomers\u2019 shopping experience&#8221;. To date, works on four of the company&#8217;s shops has been completed and three others are in the midst of being remodelled. Expenditure incurred on the programme is considered to be material in the context of the company&#8217;s financial statements.<\/p>\n<p>12)\tIn August 2022, when discussing the forthcoming audit with your firm\u2019s audit partner, Able commented:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;we appreciate your firm\u2019s employees will be working  hard to complete  the audit  and, as you\u2019ve mentioned, on occasion some of the audit team will be working 12-hour days to  complete their audit procedures in good time  ahead of the date by  which we\u2019ve agreed you\u2019ll issue your  auditor\u2019s report . So, as a token of  the  directors\u2019 appreciation of this,  we intend giving every member of the audit team a  Valu Jewellery Voucher, with a value of \u00a3140,  which can be used to purchase any jewellery from our online  offering before 30 April 2023. We hope you and your audit team will accept these gifts in the working together spirit in which they\u2019re offered \u201c<\/p>\n<p>13)\tIn July 2022, a shopper was badly injured when visiting a branch shop being refurbished, because a recently erected internal wall collapsed and fell onto her. As a consequence of her injuries it is likely that she will have to endure a prolonged unpaid absence from her place of work. So, she has lodged a claim for compensation against Valu in the sum of \u00a390,000 for negligence on its part in not ensuring adequate safety measures were in place to protect her  as a  customer at the shop. The company&#8217;s legal adviser, Mel Moranko is Able\u2019s cousin and a partner specialising in company acquisitions and mergers at a medium sized firm of solicitors. Mel supports Valu\u2019s view that the company was not negligent, but has informed Valu\u2019s directors that a without prejudice\/ no blame compensation  offer  of  \u00a335,000 to settle  the claim  is probably  the best way to bring the matter to swift  expeditious closure and so avoid potentially higher further litigation costs in defending against the claim. She has entered into detailed correspondence with the claimant&#8217;s firm of solicitors in this regard, and has provided Valu with copies of all correspondence between the two firms. The claimant&#8217;s solicitors are adamant that Valu was negligent and are threatening to commence court proceedings imminently against the company unless their client\u2019s claim is paid. However, in line with the directors\u2019 opinion and consistent with Mel\u2019s advice, the company has not made any provision for the claim in its year-end financial statements.  Winston, has told your firm that it\u2019s the director\u2019s decision entirely as to whether a provision should be made for the claim in Valu\u2019s financial statements. He stated  there is no accounting standard ruling that a provision should be made and  the  directors consider  that  actually making a provision in  respect of the incident for any  amount of damages  is tantamount to accepting liability  for the customer\u2019s losses caused by her injuries, and will weaken the  company\u2019s defence  if  the claim reaches court. Able, Cassie and Winston believe they are acting in all shareholders\u2019 interests in not including any provision and they\u2019re confident the owners of the remaining 30% of Valu\u2019s shares would fully understand and agree with them about this \u2013 even if the claim proceeds to court and the company loses the case.<\/p>\n<p>14)\tThe draft financial statements of Valu for the year ended 30 September 2022 report a retained profit for the year of \u00a3378,000 and profit before tax of \u00a3611,000, with all jewellery workshop revenue and capital costs being amalgamated with branch shop revenue and capital costs. The planning materiality threshold for the audit has been set at 5 % of Profit before Tax.<\/p>\n<p>Requirements<\/p>\n<p>1.\tCRITICALLY explain with justifying rationale as to whether  or not  the  EXPECTATIONS of Valu Limited\u2019s  directors  are reasonable; in the context of external  auditors\u2019 responsibilities  and duties generally with regard to :<\/p>\n<p>a)\tThe actions of the previous auditors in refusing to design and install a new computer\u2013 based inventory control system for Valu Limited and in not detecting the directors\u2019 fraud; your firm\u2019s vigilance to ensure fraud detection, and its audit approach when obtaining evidence.<\/p>\n<p>b)\tThe directors  working  closely in an informal working partnership with your  firm  for the greater  good and prosperity of Valu Limited, your firm placing a high  degree of trust in the verbal and written representations of the directors, ignoring business risks faced by the company and  attendance  by your  firm\u2019s audit partner at Valu Limited\u2019s  board  of directors\u2019 meetings.<\/p>\n<p>(36 marks)<\/p>\n<p>2.\tState with your reasoning  how  your firm\u2019s  audit partner should have  responded  to the directors\u2019 offer  to  provide every  member of  your firm\u2019s audit  team with a Valu Jewellery Voucher worth \u00a3140.<\/p>\n<p>(5 marks)<\/p>\n<p>3.\tComment CRITICALLY with justifying rationale, as to the validity of the remarks made by the accounts Helpant to Cedric Candod, about the interest in and  use of assertions by the audit team, the auditor\u2019s interest  in  mistakes in the financial statements, the purpose of the auditor\u2019s report and the confidence it gives a company\u2019s shareholders about its directors.<br \/>\n(17 marks)<\/p>\n<p>4.\tFor this requirement  you  must  ANSWER ONLY (i) or(ii)<\/p>\n<p>(i) Identify any audit concerns arising from the fact that a new computerbased  accounting system has been implemented by Valu Ltd, with effect from 1 March 2022 and state the effect that this should have on your firm&#8217;s&#8217; approach to auditing the company&#8217;s financial statements for the year ended 30 September 2022.<\/p>\n<p>OR<br \/>\n((ii)   Identify and justify in full, any concerns your firm should have in           connection with the absence from the financial statements           of a provision for a liability in respect of the compensation claim by           customer injured at a branch shop. You must explain how this should           affect your firm\u2019s approach to this part of the audit, identifying audit            procedures your team should carry out taking into account the view held           by Valu Limited\u2019s directors.<\/p>\n<p>(7 marks)<br \/>\n5.\tIdentify FIVE situations from which a business risks arises for Valu Limited which   your firm would need to consider when assessing the inherent risks attached to the financial statements of Valu Limited for the year ended 30 September 2022. For each risk situation identified state the business risk, and explain the linked   inherent risk &#8211; being the audit concern(s) with regard to its effect on the company\u2019s financial statements.<br \/>\n(20 marks)<\/p>\n<p>6.\tCarry out an analytical review of the Summary Financial Statement of Valu Limited (in the appendix below) for the year ended 30 September 2022 and identify any FIVE specific areas which would cause particular audit concern about material mis- statement. For each area identified explain the nature of the concern and support your comments with relevant calculations as appropriate.<br \/>\n(15 marks)<\/p>\n<p>(Total 100 marks)*<\/p>\n<p>(Note you should not mention the effects of the coronavirus pandemic in your  responses to the above requirements).<\/p>\n<p>*The maximum  total mark achievable  for this assignment is  restricted to 100 % , and your mark  will count towards  the  total mark awarded for the  International Audit and Assurance  Module . The  maximum available  mark  shown against each  requirement<br \/>\n(1,2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ) above  will be awarded  only to  outstanding  answers  &#8211; demonstrating  exceptional   focus and   understanding  of  the  pertinent issues<\/p>\n<p>At question 4, learning material we have covered in class and recommended reading should enable you to respond knowledgeably at (i) although further research may be of benefit. At ( ii ),  in addition to the  learning material  and recommended reading  you may also need to  refer to the accounting  standard  covering  provisions  to improve  your  knowledge about this specific area.  Note, if you have a bachelor\u2019s degree in accounting the learning material in it should have covered accounting for provisions. Finally, just to confirm that the problems and  judgement decisions at (i ) and  ( ii ) are different but equally  challenging and  both need careful thought  when planning  a response .<\/p>\n<p>You MUST show the total word count for each requirement at the end of your answer to each requirement and show the overall total word count at the end of your submission. You must also show the Turntin originality % on the front cover of your submission.<\/p>\n<p>Word count guide indicator (Excluding figures\/ workings\/ calculations)<br \/>\nRequirement 1 1,400 words<br \/>\nRequirement 2   160 words<br \/>\nRequirement 3    620 words<br \/>\nRequirement 4    290 words<br \/>\nRequirement 5    500 words<br \/>\nRequirement 6    430 words<\/p>\n<p>TOTAL                 3,400 words (absolute maximum \u2013 no extra allowed)<\/p>\n<p>You will need to exercise good writing skills throughout your submission to meet the word count requirement. The requirement is set to achieve balance between allowing a display of knowledge across a range of topic (sample nursing essay examples by the best nursing assignment writing service)s and restricting word count in line with fair assessment regulations.<\/p>\n<p>You may choose to write a different number (less \/ more) than the indicated number of words for any requirement and use any words saved to answer another requirement.<\/p>\n<p>Example.<br \/>\nSay you decide to write only 320 words to answer requirement 6. Words saved total is 110 (430- 320)<\/p>\n<p>You then decide to use 60 of the saved words above to answer requirement 1 and 50 to answer requirement 4<\/p>\n<p>So, the total number of words available to answer requirement 1 is 1460 (1400 + 60) and the total number of words to available to answer requirement 4 is 340 (290 +50)<\/p>\n<p>Note, the nature of the above scenario and requirements mean that there may be a need for occasional overlap (repetition of the same knowledge) in your answers to some of the requirements.  To avoid  wasting words, if this need to overlap does occur  you should  simply make brief  reference to the same point raised  in the earlier response  ( i.e.do not explain again ). Any words used to reference in this way do not count towards the word limit.  Note too, marks will be awarded once only where knowledge is repeated in your submission.<\/p>\n<p>referenced in accordance  with  guidelines on academic referencing use APA 7<\/p>\n<p>Appendix<br \/>\nValu Limited<\/p>\n<p>Summary Financial Statements<\/p>\n<p>INCOME STATEMENTS<br \/>\nYears to&#8230;<br \/>\n\u00a3&#8217;000 \t30-09-22 \t30-09-21 \t30-09-20 \t30-09-19 \t30-09-18<br \/>\n( Draft ) \t(Audited ) \t(Audited) \t(Audited) \t(Audited)<br \/>\nSales \t5,857 \t5,276 \t5,097 \t4,878 \t4,781<br \/>\nCost of Goods Sold  \t2,289 \t2,491 \t2,288 \t2,291 \t2,162<br \/>\nBranch Shop \/ Wages and Salaries \t1.032 \t921 \t896 \t861 \t820<br \/>\nDepreciation Branch Shop Assets   \t185 \t71 \t69 \t60 \t116<br \/>\nOther Branch Shop Costs \t196<br \/>\n63 \t60 \t57 \t58<br \/>\nGross Profit  \t2, 155 \t1,730 \t1,784 \t1,609 \t1,625<br \/>\nHead Office Salaries   \t744 \t736 \t704 \t677 \t646<br \/>\nDirectors&#8217; Remuneration  \t485 \t430 \t410 \t350 \t385<br \/>\nDepreciation \t56  \t59 \t54 \t60 \t58<br \/>\nLoss (Profit ) on Disposal of Assets \t76 \t14 \t7 \t(42) \t(16)<br \/>\nOther Head Office Expenses \t123 \t114 \t121 \t168 \t132<\/p>\n<p>Profit before interest \t671 \t377 \t488 \t396 \t420<br \/>\nInterest paid \t60 \t 28 \t33 \t36 \t40<br \/>\nProfit before tax \t611 \t349 \t455 \t360 \t380<br \/>\nTaxation \t183 \t105 \t137 \t108 \t114<br \/>\nProfit after tax \t428 \t244 \t318 \t252 \t266<br \/>\nDividends \t50 \t60 \t60 \t60 \t60<\/p>\n<p>Retained profit for period \t378 \t184 \t258 \t192 \t206<\/p>\n<p>STATEMENTS  OF  FINANCIAL POSITION \t30-9-22 \t30-9-21 \t30-9-20 \t30-9-19 \t30-9-18<br \/>\n\u00a3000 \t (Draft)  \t(Audited ) \t(Audited \t(Audited \t(Audited)<br \/>\nNon- Current Assets : Tangible \t2,306 \t1,425 \t1,266 \t829 \t1,285<\/p>\n<p>Investments  &#8211; Shares in overseas company  \t1, 200 \t1,200 \t1,200 \t1,200 \t&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>Current assets : Inventory \t1,049 \t701 \t626 \t718 \t746<br \/>\nTrade Receivables \t445 \t214 \t178 \t247 \t62<br \/>\nOther Receivables  \t21 \t7 \t32 \t16 \t10<br \/>\nBank and Cash  \t18 \t21 \t242 \t72 \t528<br \/>\nTotal Current Assets \t1,533 \t943 \t1,078 \t1,053 \t1,346<br \/>\nCreditors  payable  within 12 months :<br \/>\nBank Loan &#8211; Secured \t90 \t100 \t100 \t100 \t100<br \/>\nBank Overdraft &#8211; Secured \t346 \t`128 \t&#8211; \t&#8211; \t&#8211;<br \/>\nTrade Payables \t621 \t477 \t426 \t274 \t231<br \/>\nOther Payables                            (incl. taxation) \t343 \t262 \t201 \t149 \t163<br \/>\nTotal Current Liabilities \t1,400 \t967 \t727 \t523 \t494<br \/>\nNet current assets\/(liabilities) \t133 \t(24) \t351 \t530 \t852<br \/>\nLong-term  Bank  Loans &#8211; Secured<br \/>\nLong-term Directors\u2019 Loan &#8211; Unsecured   \t610 80  \t530 \t730 \t930<br \/>\n700<br \/>\nProvisions for Liabilities &amp; Charges \t&#8211; \t&#8211; \t200 \t&#8211; \t&#8211;<br \/>\nTotal assets, less liabilities \t2,949 \t2,071 \t1,887 \t1,629 \t1,437<\/p>\n<p>Issued Ordinary Share Capital  &#8211; Ordinary \u00a31 shares \t1,100 \t600 \t600 \t600 \t600<br \/>\nRevenue  Reserves  &#8211; Retained Profits  \t1,849 \t1,471 \t1,287 \t1,029 \t837<br \/>\nTotal  equity  \t2,949 \t2,071 \t1,887 \t1,629 \t1,437<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>subject : International Auditing and Assurance Words 3400 not more than that follow Book ACCA Approved Interactive Text foundations in Accounting and Foundations in Audit\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7669],"tags":[9834],"class_list":["post-117261","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-buy-dnp-nursing-papers-online","tag-international-auditing-and-assurance"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117261"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/117261\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117261"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=117261"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=117261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}