<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Chapter 1
History, theory, and research strategies<\/p>\n
Multiple Choice<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Dr. Langley\u2019s work is devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. Dr. Langley\u2019s field of study is __________.<\/p>\n A) genetics<\/p>\n B) clinical psychology<\/p>\n C) adolescent development<\/p>\n D) developmental science<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 3<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.1 What is developmental science, and what factors stimulated expansion of the field?<\/p>\n Topic: A Scientific, Applied, and Interdisciplinary Field<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 2. Although great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of investigators who study development, they share a single goal: to identify __________.<\/p>\n A) genetic factors that contribute to longevity<\/p>\n B) environmental factors that contribute to disease and illness<\/p>\n C) those factors that lead to abnormal development in children and adolescents<\/p>\n D) those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 3<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.1 What is developmental science, and what factors stimulated expansion of the field?<\/p>\n Topic: A Scientific, Applied, and Interdisciplinary Field<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 3. Developmental science is __________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study.<\/p>\n A) interdisciplinary<\/p>\n B) empirical<\/p>\n C) applied<\/p>\n D) theoretical<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 3<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.1 What is developmental science, and what factors stimulated expansion of the field?<\/p>\n Topic: A Scientific, Applied, and Interdisciplinary Field<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 4. A theory of development __________.<\/p>\n A) illustrates the ultimate truth about human behavior<\/p>\n B) describes, explains, and predicts behavior<\/p>\n C) explains all aspects of human growth<\/p>\n D) does not require scientific verification<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 3<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 5. According to the __________ view of development, the difference between the immature and mature being is simply one of amount or complexity.<\/p>\n A) nature<\/p>\n B) discontinuous<\/p>\n C) nurture<\/p>\n D) continuous<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 4<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 6. The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.<\/p>\n A) infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way adults do<\/p>\n B) growth is the process of gradually augmenting the skills that were present from the beginning<\/p>\n C) infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving<\/p>\n D) development is a smooth process limited only by a lack of information and precision<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 4<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 7. Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.<\/p>\n A) nurture<\/p>\n B) continuous<\/p>\n C) discontinuous<\/p>\n D) nature<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 4<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 8. New evidence increasingly emphasizes that __________.<\/p>\n A) there is very little cultural diversity in human development<\/p>\n B) environmental, but not personal, contexts shape development<\/p>\n C) development occurs in a neat, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts<\/p>\n D) people not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 4<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 9. Tammy\u2019s father is an exceptional gymnast. When Tammy was just a toddler, her father believed that Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast. Tammy\u2019s father probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by __________.<\/p>\n A) nurture<\/p>\n B) stages<\/p>\n C) nature<\/p>\n D) early experiences<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 5<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 10. Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin\u2019s mother emphasizes the role of __________ in development.<\/p>\n A) nurture<\/p>\n B) stages<\/p>\n C) stability<\/p>\n D) nature<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 5<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 11. Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.<\/p>\n A) plasticity<\/p>\n B) stability<\/p>\n C) nurture<\/p>\n D) discontinuity<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 5<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 12. Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that __________.<\/p>\n A) change in response to influential experiences is possible<\/p>\n B) heredity, rather than environment, influences behavior<\/p>\n C) individuals who are high in anxiety as children will remain so at later ages<\/p>\n D) early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 5<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.<\/p>\n Topic: Basic Issues<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 13. Increasingly, researchers view human development as __________.<\/p>\n A) taking place entirely before and during adolescence<\/p>\n B) declining in old age<\/p>\n C) influenced more by heredity than environment<\/p>\n D) a perpetually ongoing process<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 5<\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 14. The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is __________.<\/p>\n A) static and stable<\/p>\n B) multidimensional and multidirectional<\/p>\n C) continuous, rather than discontinuous<\/p>\n D) largely the result of heredity<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 5<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 15. According to the lifespan perspective, __________ is supreme in its impact on the life course.<\/p>\n A) the prenatal period<\/p>\n B) early childhood<\/p>\n C) adolescence<\/p>\n D) no age period<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 5<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 16. Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that __________.<\/p>\n A) aging is an eventual \u201cshipwreck\u201d<\/p>\n B) learning follows a predictable timetable<\/p>\n C) development is plastic at all ages<\/p>\n D) musical talent peaks in late adulthood<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 6<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 17. Which statement provides an example of an age-graded influence?<\/p>\n A) Paul learned to play the violin at age 11.<\/p>\n B) Frank got his driver\u2019s license at age 16.<\/p>\n C) Martina got married at age 34.<\/p>\n D) Jesse learned to use a computer at age 21.<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 7<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 18. People born during the baby boom between 1946 and 1964 tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times, due to __________ influences.<\/p>\n A) age-graded<\/p>\n B) history-graded<\/p>\n C) nonnormative<\/p>\n D) bio-historical<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 7<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/em><\/p>\n 19. __________ influences are irregular and do not follow a predictable timetable.<\/p>\n A) Nonnormative<\/p>\n B) History-graded<\/p>\n C) Age-graded<\/p>\n D) Bio-historical<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 7<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/em><\/p>\n 20. Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty\u2019s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.<\/p>\n A) assimilation<\/p>\n B) resilience<\/p>\n C) age-graded development<\/p>\n D) multidimensional development<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 8\u00a0Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Resilience<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 21. The most consistent asset of resilient children is __________.<\/p>\n A) a strong bond with a competent, caring adult<\/p>\n B) high intelligence<\/p>\n C) an easygoing temperament<\/p>\n D) an association with a rule-abiding peer<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 8\u00a0Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Resilience<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 22. The baby boomers __________.<\/p>\n A) were more economically underprivileged than their counterparts in the previous generation<\/p>\n B) adopted their parents\u2019 family- and marriage-centered lifestyles in early adulthood<\/p>\n C) embraced growing old far more than their predecessors<\/p>\n D) were labeled a narcissistic, indulged, \u201cme\u201d generation<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 7, 10 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 23. As a generation, the baby boomers are __________ than any previous mid- or late-life cohort.<\/p>\n A) healthier, but less educated<\/p>\n B) more educated, but less wealthy<\/p>\n C) more self-focused, but less healthy<\/p>\n D) healthier, better educated, and financially better off<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 7, 10 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.<\/p>\n Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 24. __________ is regarded as the founder of the child study movement.<\/p>\n A) Charles Darwin<\/p>\n B) G. Stanley Hall<\/p>\n C) Alfred Binet<\/p>\n D) Sigmund Freud<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 11<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.<\/p>\n Topic: Scientific Beginnings<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 25. Charles Darwin\u2019s theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.<\/p>\n A) the normative approach; survival of the fittest<\/p>\n B) noble savages; physical maturation<\/p>\n C) the tabula rasa; natural selection<\/p>\n D) natural selection; survival of the fittest<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 9<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.<\/p>\n Topic: Scientific Beginnings<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 26. G. Stanley Hall and his student Arnold Gesell __________.<\/p>\n A) discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species<\/p>\n B) launched the normative approach<\/p>\n C) constructed the first standardized intelligence test<\/p>\n D) were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 11<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.<\/p>\n Topic: Scientific Beginnings<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 27. Arnold Gesell __________.<\/p>\n A) was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents<\/p>\n B) is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement<\/p>\n C) foreshadowed lifespan research by writing a book on aging<\/p>\n D) constructed the first successful intelligence test<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 11<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.<\/p>\n Topic: Scientific Beginnings<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 28. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon __________.<\/p>\n A) wrote the first book of its time on aging<\/p>\n B) were among the first to make child development knowledge meaningful to parents<\/p>\n C) regarded development as a maturational process<\/p>\n D) constructed the first successful intelligence test<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 11<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.<\/p>\n Topic: Scientific Beginnings<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 29. The first successful intelligence test was originally constructed to __________.<\/p>\n A) measure individual differences in IQ<\/p>\n B) document age-related improvements in children\u2019s intellectual functioning<\/p>\n C) identify children with learning problems for placement in special classes<\/p>\n D) compare the scores of people who varied in gender, ethnicity, and birth order<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 11<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.<\/p>\n Topic: Scientific Beginnings<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 30. Dr. Torrez believes that how conflicts between biological drives and social expectations are resolved determines a person\u2019s ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety. Dr. Torrez accepts the __________.<\/p>\n A) psychoanalytic perspective<\/p>\n B) psychosocial theory<\/p>\n C) cognitive-developmental theory<\/p>\n D) social learning theory<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 11<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 31. Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory __________.<\/p>\n A) on the basis of his adult patients\u2019 memories of painful childhood events<\/p>\n B) by conducting studies of animal behavior<\/p>\n C) on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents<\/p>\n D) by carefully observing his own children<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 11<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 32. Psychosexual theory emphasizes that __________.<\/p>\n A) children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world<\/p>\n B) directly observable events\u2014stimuli and responses\u2014are the appropriate focus of psychological study<\/p>\n C) how parents manage their child\u2019s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development<\/p>\n D) the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual a useful member of society<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 11<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 33. __________ theory was the first to stress the influence of the early parent\u2012child relationship on development.<\/p>\n A) Darwin\u2019s<\/p>\n B) Freud\u2019s<\/p>\n C) Erikson\u2019s<\/p>\n D) Watson\u2019s<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 12<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 34. One criticism of Freud\u2019s psychosexual theory was that it __________.<\/p>\n A) did not apply in other cultures<\/p>\n B) underemphasized the influence of sexual feelings<\/p>\n C) compared human development to the evolution of the human species<\/p>\n D) offered too narrow a view of important environmental influences<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 12<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 35. Dr. Singh believes that a basic psychosocial conflict, which is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative, determines healthy or maladaptive outcomes at each stage of development. Dr. Singh\u2019s beliefs are aligned with those of which theorist?<\/p>\n A) G. Stanley Hall<\/p>\n B) Sigmund Freud<\/p>\n C) Erik Erikson<\/p>\n D) B. F. Skinner<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 12<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 36. Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events\u2014stimuli and responses\u2014are the appropriate focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the __________ perspective of development.<\/p>\n A) psychosexual<\/p>\n B) psychosocial<\/p>\n C) behaviorist<\/p>\n D) cognitive-developmental<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 13<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 37. Ivan Pavlov discovered __________.<\/p>\n A) observational learning<\/p>\n B) classical conditioning<\/p>\n C) the ego\u2019s positive contributions to development<\/p>\n D) the clinical method<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 13<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 38. In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that __________.<\/p>\n A) children cannot be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus<\/p>\n B) infants as young as a few months old will repeat a behavior to obtain a desirable reward<\/p>\n C) children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus<\/p>\n D) children have an innate, inborn fear of rats<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 13<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 39. According to operant conditioning theory, __________.<\/p>\n A) the frequency of a behavior can be increased through punishment, such as disapproval<\/p>\n B) normal development must be understood in relation to each culture\u2019s life situation<\/p>\n C) the id develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society<\/p>\n D) the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 13<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 40. Baby Gabriella claps her hands after her mother does. Gabriella is displaying __________.<\/p>\n A) reinforcement<\/p>\n B) classical conditioning<\/p>\n C) observational learning<\/p>\n D) adaptation<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 13<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 41. According to __________ theory, modeling is a powerful source of development.<\/p>\n A) reinforcement<\/p>\n B) operant conditioning<\/p>\n C) social learning<\/p>\n D) classical conditioning<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 13<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 42. Today, Albert Bandura\u2019s theory stresses the importance of __________.<\/p>\n A) behavior modification<\/p>\n B) punishment<\/p>\n C) cognition<\/p>\n D) reinforcement<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 13<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 43. Cindy tells her daughter, \u201cI know you can do a good job on that homework\u201d because she believes that if she encourages persistence, her daughter will start to view herself as hardworking and high-achieving. Cindy is applying the __________ approach.<\/p>\n A) behavior modification<\/p>\n B) psychosocial<\/p>\n C) cognitive-developmental<\/p>\n D) social-cognitive<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 14<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 44. The goal of applied behavior analysis is to __________.<\/p>\n A) outline changes in temperament over the lifespan<\/p>\n B) eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses<\/p>\n C) examine how we think about ourselves and other people<\/p>\n D) synthesize information from various sources into a detailed picture of a person\u2019s personality<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 14<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 45. Behaviorism and social learning theory __________.<\/p>\n A) overemphasize the plasticity of cognitive development<\/p>\n B) overestimate people\u2019s contributions to their own development<\/p>\n C) offer too narrow a view of important environmental influences<\/p>\n D) overemphasize each individual\u2019s unique life history<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 14<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 46. According to Jean Piaget\u2019s cognitive-developmental theory, __________.<\/p>\n A) children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world<\/p>\n B) children\u2019s learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults<\/p>\n C) adult teaching is the best way to foster development<\/p>\n D) rapid development occurs during sensitive periods<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 14<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 47. Central to Piaget\u2019s theory is the concept of __________.<\/p>\n A) imitation<\/p>\n B) adaptation<\/p>\n C) self-efficacy<\/p>\n D) scaffolding<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 14<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 48. According to Jean Piaget, __________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.<\/p>\n A) imitation<\/p>\n B) adaptation<\/p>\n C) cognition<\/p>\n D) equilibrium<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 14\u201315<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 49. Four-year-old R\u2019Monte engages in make-believe play. He stirs beads in a bowl and says, \u201cSoup is ready!\u201d According to Piaget, R\u2019Monte is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.<\/p>\n A) sensorimotor<\/p>\n B) preoperational<\/p>\n C) concrete operational<\/p>\n D) sociocultural<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 15<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 50. Sydney, when faced with a problem, starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget\u2019s __________ stage of development.<\/p>\n A) sensorimotor<\/p>\n B) preoperational<\/p>\n C) concrete operational<\/p>\n D) formal operational<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 15<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 51. Piaget\u2019s critics point out that __________.<\/p>\n A) he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children<\/p>\n B) his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences<\/p>\n C) discovery learning rather than adult teaching is the best way to foster development<\/p>\n D) children\u2019s performances on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 15<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?<\/p>\n Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 52. The information-processing approach views the human mind as a __________.<\/p>\n A) socially mediated process<\/p>\n B) collection of stimuli and responses<\/p>\n C) system of genetically programmed behaviors<\/p>\n D) symbol-manipulating system through which information flows<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 16<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 53. Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is a(n) __________ theorist.<\/p>\n A) psychoanalytic<\/p>\n B) information-processing<\/p>\n C) psychosocial<\/p>\n D) social learning<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 16<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 54. Like Piaget\u2019s theory, the information-processing approach __________.<\/p>\n A) divides development into stages<\/p>\n B) views development as discontinuous<\/p>\n C) regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking<\/p>\n D) has much to say about nonlinear cognition, such as imagination and creativity<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 16<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 55. The findings of information-processing researchers have important implications for __________.<\/p>\n A) the study of imagination<\/p>\n B) nonlinear cognition<\/p>\n C) education<\/p>\n D) childhood creativity<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref:16\u201317<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 56. Dr. Rizvi studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person\u2019s cognitive processing and behavior patterns. She is part of a group of researchers from the fields of psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine. Their approach to development is known as __________.<\/p>\n A) behaviorism<\/p>\n B) cognitive-development theory<\/p>\n C) the information-processing approach<\/p>\n D) developmental cognitive neuroscience<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 17<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 57. Developmental social neuroscience __________.<\/p>\n A) involves the design of flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to complete tasks<\/p>\n B) emphasizes that preschoolers\u2019 thinking is full of faulty logic because they engage in hands-on exploration<\/p>\n C) is devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development<\/p>\n D) involves the study of brain activity and the individual\u2019s linear and logical cognitive processing patterns<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 17<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 58. Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen laid the modern foundations for __________.<\/p>\n A) ethology<\/p>\n B) social learning theory<\/p>\n C) psychoanalytic theory<\/p>\n D) cognitive-developmental theory<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 17\u201318<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 59. Observations of imprinting led to which major concept in human development?<\/p>\n A) adaptation<\/p>\n B) equilibrium<\/p>\n C) the critical period<\/p>\n D) classical conditioning<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 18<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 60. What did John Bowlby believe?<\/p>\n A) Adults and more expert peers help children master culturally meaningful activities.<\/p>\n B) The infant\u2012caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships.<\/p>\n C) Parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.<\/p>\n D) Attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 18<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 61. Evolutionary developmental psychology __________.<\/p>\n A) focuses on how the structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world<\/p>\n B) seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age<\/p>\n C) views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows<\/p>\n D) brings together researchers from many fields to study changes in the brain and behavior patterns<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 18<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 62. Dr. Whiren studies how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Dr. Whiren\u2019s research best aligns with the perspective of which theorist?<\/p>\n A) Jean Piaget<\/p>\n B) John Bowlby<\/p>\n C) Lev Vygotsky<\/p>\n D) Erik Erikson<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 18<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 63. Vygotsky\u2019s emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.<\/p>\n A) neglect the biological side of development<\/p>\n B) overemphasize the role of heredity in cognitive change<\/p>\n C) emphasize children\u2019s independent efforts to make sense of their world<\/p>\n D) place too much emphasis on children\u2019s capacity to shape their own development<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 19<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 64. Ecological systems theory views the person as __________.<\/p>\n A) a blossoming flower whose development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically<\/p>\n B) developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment<\/p>\n C) a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling<\/p>\n D) a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 19<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 65. Dr. Redmund characterizes his view of development as a bioecological model. His perspective is aligned with that of which theorist?<\/p>\n A) Jean Piaget<\/p>\n B) Urie Bronfenbrenner<\/p>\n C) Lev Vygotsky<\/p>\n D) Niko Tinbergen<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 19<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 66. According to ecological systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child, Tyler, occur in the __________.<\/p>\n A) microsystem<\/p>\n B) mesosystem<\/p>\n C) exosystem<\/p>\n D) macrosystem<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 19\u201320<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 67. The outermost level of Bronfenbrenner\u2019s model is the __________.<\/p>\n A) microsystem<\/p>\n B) macrosystem<\/p>\n C) exosystem<\/p>\n D) mesosystem<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 20<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 68. Toby moved with his family just before he entered fourth grade. In ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in Toby\u2019s __________.<\/p>\n A) microsystem<\/p>\n B) mesosystem<\/p>\n C) exosystem<\/p>\n D) chronosystem<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 20\u201321<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.6 Describe recent theoretical perspectives on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Recent Theoretical Perspectives<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 69. Piaget\u2019s cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky\u2019s sociocultural theory all stress __________.<\/p>\n A) nature over nurture<\/p>\n B) changes in thinking<\/p>\n C) unconscious motives and drives<\/p>\n D) the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 21<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.7 Identify the stand taken by each major theory on the three basic issues of human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Comparing and Evaluating Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 70. Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George\u2019s prediction is an example of a __________.<\/p>\n A) theory<\/p>\n B) research question<\/p>\n C) hypothesis<\/p>\n D) research design<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 21<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/em><\/p>\n 71. Which major theory of human development emphasizes plasticity at all ages?<\/p>\n A) psychoanalytic perspective<\/p>\n B) ethology<\/p>\n C) evolutionary developmental psychology<\/p>\n D) lifespan perspective<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 21, 22<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.7 Identify the stand taken by each major theory on the three basic issues of human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Comparing and Evaluating Theories<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 72. Taking tests and answering questionnaires are examples of __________.<\/p>\n A) research designs<\/p>\n B) theories<\/p>\n C) hypotheses<\/p>\n D) research methods<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 21<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 73. Which statement describes a strength of naturalistic observation?<\/p>\n A) It allows investigators a view of participants\u2019 everyday lives.<\/p>\n B) It permits comparisons of participants\u2019 responses.<\/p>\n C) Great depth and breadth of information can be obtained in a short time.<\/p>\n D) It grants each participant an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 21\u201323<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 74. Dr. Wu observes children\u2019s responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n) __________.<\/p>\n A) ethnographic study<\/p>\n B) naturalistic observation<\/p>\n C) structured observation<\/p>\n D) clinical interview<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 21\u201323<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 75. In a __________, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.<\/p>\n A) clinical interview<\/p>\n B) naturalistic observation<\/p>\n C) structured observation<\/p>\n D) case study<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 23<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 76. One limitation of systematic observation is that it __________.<\/p>\n A) provides little information on how participants actually behave<\/p>\n B) tells investigators little about the reasoning behind behaviors<\/p>\n C) underestimates the capacities of individuals who have difficulty putting their thoughts into words<\/p>\n D) ignores participants with poor memories, who may have trouble recalling exactly what happened<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 23<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 77. Self-reports __________.<\/p>\n A) use a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant\u2019s point of view<\/p>\n B) describe the entire stream of behavior\u2014everything said and done over a certain time period<\/p>\n C) range from relatively unstructured interviews to highly structured interviews, questionnaires, and tests<\/p>\n D) bring together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and tests<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 23<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 78. One major strength of the clinical interview is that it __________.<\/p>\n A) makes comparing individuals\u2019 responses very easy<\/p>\n B) can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period<\/p>\n C) is directed toward understanding a culture or distinct social group<\/p>\n D) allows researchers to see the behavior of interest as it occurs in natural settings<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 24<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 79. The parents at Central Elementary School responded to a multiple-choice questionnaire that asked them what they considered the most important activity they do with their child. This questionnaire is an example of a __________.<\/p>\n A) structured interview<\/p>\n B) clinical interview<\/p>\n C) naturalistic observation<\/p>\n D) structured observation<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 23, 24<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 80. Structured interviews __________.<\/p>\n A) do not yield the same depth of information as clinical interviews<\/p>\n B) are flexible because questions can be phrased differently for each participant<\/p>\n C) bring together a wide range of information on one person<\/p>\n D) tell researchers little about the reasoning behind participants\u2019 responses<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 24<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 81. Which research method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?<\/p>\n A) naturalistic observation<\/p>\n B) structured observation<\/p>\n C) ethnography<\/p>\n D) the clinical method<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 24<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 82. Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which method is best suited for this type of research?<\/p>\n A) naturalistic observation<\/p>\n B) clinical interview<\/p>\n C) case study<\/p>\n D) structured interview<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 24<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 83. The clinical method __________.<\/p>\n A) allows investigators to see directly the everyday behaviors they hope to explain<\/p>\n B) must be conducted with large groups of people at the same time<\/p>\n C) provides little information on how children and adults actually behave<\/p>\n D) yields richly detailed case narratives that offer valuable insights<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 24<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 84. Which statement describes a limitation of the clinical method?<\/p>\n A) It may not yield observations typical of a participant\u2019s behavior in everyday life.<\/p>\n B) Researchers cannot control the conditions under which participants are observed.<\/p>\n C) The findings cannot be applied to individuals other than the participant.<\/p>\n D) It does not usually yield rich, descriptive insights into factors that affect development.<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 24<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 85. Which research method was borrowed from the field of anthropology?<\/p>\n A) ethnography<\/p>\n B) clinical interview<\/p>\n C) structured interview<\/p>\n D) systematic observation<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 24\u201325<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 86. Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through __________ observation.<\/p>\n A) naturalistic<\/p>\n B) participant<\/p>\n C) systematic<\/p>\n D) structured<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 87. Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade was using __________.<\/p>\n A) naturalistic observation<\/p>\n B) ethnography<\/p>\n C) self-reports<\/p>\n D) structured observation<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 88. What is one limitation of the ethnographic method?<\/p>\n A) Investigators\u2019 cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.<\/p>\n B) It provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.<\/p>\n C) It relies on unobtrusive techniques, such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.<\/p>\n D) It provides little information about the reasoning behind participants\u2019 responses.<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 89. The two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and __________.<\/p>\n A) observational; experimental<\/p>\n B) correlational; experimental<\/p>\n C) observational; correlational<\/p>\n D) variable; observational<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 90. In a correlational design, researchers __________.<\/p>\n A) gather information on individuals without altering their experiences<\/p>\n B) divide events and behaviors of interest into two types: dependent variables and independent variables<\/p>\n C) use an evenhanded procedure to assign people to two or more treatment conditions<\/p>\n D) directly control or manipulate changes in the independent variable<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 91. Students who are foreign-born or first-generation Americans __________ than students of native-born parents.<\/p>\n A) are more likely to commit delinquent and violent acts<\/p>\n B) are more likely to be obese<\/p>\n C) often achieve in school as well as or better<\/p>\n D) tend to report lower self-esteem<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25, 26 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 92. Ethnographies reveal that immigrant parents view __________ as the surest way to improve life chances.<\/p>\n A) learning English<\/p>\n B) education<\/p>\n C) close ties to an ethnic community<\/p>\n D) moving into an urban area<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25, 26 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Immigrant Youths: Adapting to a New Land<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.8 Describe methods commonly used in research on human development.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/em><\/p>\n 93. Dr. Dias\u2019s research shows that the death of a spouse in old age is correlated with a decline in the surviving partner\u2019s physical health. Which conclusion is supported by this study?<\/p>\n A) The death of a spouse causes a decline in the surviving partner\u2019s physical health.<\/p>\n B) The death of a spouse is related to a decline in the surviving partner\u2019s physical health.<\/p>\n C) A decline in a surviving partner\u2019s physical health can cause the death of a spouse.<\/p>\n D) A third variable, such as memory loss, causes a surviving partner\u2019s decline in physical health following the death of a spouse.<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 94. In correlational studies, a(n) __________ can range in value from +1.00 to \u22121.00.<\/p>\n A) independent variable<\/p>\n B) dependent variable<\/p>\n C) cause-and-effect relationship<\/p>\n D) correlation coefficient<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 95. Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is __________ and __________.<\/p>\n A) moderate; positive<\/p>\n B) low; positive<\/p>\n C) high; negative<\/p>\n D) low; negative<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 25\u201326<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 96. Dr. Anderson wants to conduct a study to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between domestic violence and anger in children. Dr. Anderson should use a(n) __________ design.<\/p>\n A) structured<\/p>\n B) observational<\/p>\n C) correlational<\/p>\n D) experimental<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 97. An experimental design __________.<\/p>\n A) allows researchers to gather information in natural life circumstances without altering the participants\u2019 experiences<\/p>\n B) looks at relationships between participants\u2019 characteristics and their behavior or development<\/p>\n C) permits inferences about cause and effect because researchers evenhandedly assign people to treatment conditions<\/p>\n D) has one major limitation: researchers cannot infer cause and effect<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 98. In an experiment, the independent variable __________.<\/p>\n A) is the one the investigator expects to be influenced by another variable<\/p>\n B) is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable<\/p>\n C) cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher<\/p>\n D) is the number that describes how two measures are associated with each other<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 99. In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affect children\u2019s emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the __________.<\/p>\n A) way the angry encounters end<\/p>\n B) amount of unresolved anger<\/p>\n C) frequency of angry encounters<\/p>\n D) children\u2019s emotional reactions<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 100. In an experimental study examining whether children who are read to more often score higher on vocabulary tests in first grade, the independent variable would be the __________.<\/p>\n A) frequency of read-alouds<\/p>\n B) type of books parents read<\/p>\n C) child\u2019s vocabulary score<\/p>\n D) difficulty of vocabulary words<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Difficult<\/p>\n 101. By using __________ assignment of participants to treatment conditions, investigators increase the chances that participants\u2019 characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment groups.<\/p>\n A) sequential<\/p>\n B) random<\/p>\n C) systematic<\/p>\n D) correlational<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 102. Dr. McBride wants to know if a teacher\u2019s use of encouragement in the classroom affects the children\u2019s self-esteem. To assign children to treatment conditions, Dr. McBride should __________.<\/p>\n A) carefully distribute the children according to their test scores<\/p>\n B) divide the children so each group has an equal number of boys and girls<\/p>\n C) draw the children\u2019s names out of a hat<\/p>\n D) assign the quieter children to the same treatment condition<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 103. In field experiments, researchers __________.<\/p>\n A) selectively assign participants to treatment conditions in natural settings<\/p>\n B) cannot use random assignment or manipulate treatment conditions<\/p>\n C) assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings<\/p>\n D) have stronger control over the treatment than in the laboratory<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 104. Researchers randomly assigned adolescents to either a single-grade classroom or a mixed-grade classroom. This is an example of a __________.<\/p>\n A) naturalistic observation<\/p>\n B) case study<\/p>\n C) natural experiment<\/p>\n D) field experiment<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 27<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.9 Distinguish between correlational and experimental research designs, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 105. What is one strength of the cross-sectional design?<\/p>\n A) It provides evidence about individual trends.<\/p>\n B) It cannot be threatened by cohort effects.<\/p>\n C) It is not plagued with dropout or practice effects.<\/p>\n D) It permits longitudinal comparisons.<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 28, 29<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 106. In a(n) __________ design, participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they get older.<\/p>\n A) cross-sectional<\/p>\n B) experimental<\/p>\n C) longitudinal<\/p>\n D) correlational<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 28<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 107. Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development because the investigator __________.<\/p>\n A) studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time<\/p>\n B) randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions<\/p>\n C) tracks the performance of each person over time<\/p>\n D) conducts quasi-experiments, comparing conditions that already exist<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 28<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 108. A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can __________.<\/p>\n A) examine relationships between early and later behaviors<\/p>\n B) collect a large amount of data in a short time span<\/p>\n C) explore similarities among children of different cohorts<\/p>\n D) study participants differing in age at the same point in time<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 28<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 109. What is one problem with longitudinal research?<\/p>\n A) It does not permit inferences about cause-and-effect relationships.<\/p>\n B) Participants may move away or drop out of the research.<\/p>\n C) Findings may not generalize to the real world.<\/p>\n D) It does not permit study of individual developmental trends.<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 29<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 110. Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as __________.<\/p>\n A) biased sampling<\/p>\n B) practice effects<\/p>\n C) random assignment<\/p>\n D) cohort effects<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 29<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 111. Professor Higgins is concerned about the findings of a longitudinal study on childhood depression that she conducted between 1985 and 2015 in New York because many of the participants witnessed the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. Professor Higgins is concerned about __________ effects.<\/p>\n A) practice<\/p>\n B) cross-sectional<\/p>\n C) dropout<\/p>\n D) cohort<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 29<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 112. In a cross-sectional design, researchers study __________.<\/p>\n A) the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages<\/p>\n B) groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time<\/p>\n C) groups of participants of the same age in different years<\/p>\n D) participants of the same age at the same point in time<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 29<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 113. What is a major disadvantage of cross-sectional research?<\/p>\n A) Age-related changes cannot be examined.<\/p>\n B) Participants often drop out before the study is over.<\/p>\n C) Evidence about development at the individual level is not provided.<\/p>\n D) Practice effects often cause biased findings.<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 29\u201330<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 114. Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.<\/p>\n A) practice effects<\/p>\n B) participant dropout<\/p>\n C) sequential timing<\/p>\n D) cohort effects<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 30<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 115. To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, investigators sometimes use __________ designs, in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.<\/p>\n A) sequential<\/p>\n B) experimental<\/p>\n C) correlational<\/p>\n D) quasi-experimental<\/p>\n Answer: A<\/p>\n Page Ref: 30<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Easy<\/p>\n 116. A sequential design __________.<\/p>\n A) does not address diversity in developmental outcomes<\/p>\n B) permits researchers to check if cohort effects are operating<\/p>\n C) is less efficient than a longitudinal design<\/p>\n D) makes cross-sectional, but not longitudinal, comparisons<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 30<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 117. Today, research that combines an experimental strategy with __________ approach is becoming increasingly common.<\/p>\n A) both a correlational and a sequential<\/p>\n B) either a correlational or a sequential<\/p>\n C) either a longitudinal or a cross-sectional<\/p>\n D) both a correlational and a longitudinal<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 30<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Remember<\/p>\n Objective: 1.10 Describe designs for studying development, noting the strengths and limitations of each.<\/p>\n Topic: Studying Development<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 118. When children are research participants, __________.<\/p>\n A) investigators need to seek the opinion of others if in doubt about the harmful effects of research<\/p>\n B) they do not have the right to conceal their identity on information collected in the course of research<\/p>\n C) there is no need to inform them or their parents of the results of the research<\/p>\n D) informed consent of their parents as well as others who act on their behalf should be obtained<\/p>\n Answer: D<\/p>\n Page Ref: 31<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.11 What special ethical concerns arise in research on human development?<\/p>\n Topic: Ethics in Lifespan Research<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 119. In his research study, Dr. Johnson gives participants false feedback about their performance. Consequently, Dr. Johnson should use __________ after the research session is over.<\/p>\n A) informed consent<\/p>\n B) a privacy statement<\/p>\n C) debriefing<\/p>\n D) a placebo<\/p>\n Answer: C<\/p>\n Page Ref: 32<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Apply<\/p>\n Objective: 1.11 What special ethical concerns arise in research on human development?<\/p>\n Topic: Ethics in Lifespan Research<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n 120. Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if __________.<\/p>\n A) the participants are young enough that they would not understand the deception<\/p>\n B) investigators satisfy institutional review boards that such practices are necessary<\/p>\n C) researchers can observe participants from behind one-way mirrors<\/p>\n D) the participants give informed consent and the researchers never reveal the real purpose of the study<\/p>\n Answer: B<\/p>\n Page Ref: 32<\/em><\/p>\n Skill Level: Understand<\/p>\n Objective: 1.11 What special ethical concerns arise in research on human development?<\/p>\n Topic: Ethics in Lifespan Research<\/p>\n Difficulty Level: Moderate<\/p>\n Essay<\/strong><\/p>\n 121. Explain the difference between human development theories that view the course of development as continuous and those that see it as discontinuous.<\/p>\n Answer: If development is continuous\u2014a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with\u2014then infants and children respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. The difference between the immature and mature being is simply one of amount or complexity. If development is discontinuous\u2014a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times\u2014then infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, ones quite different from those of adults. Theories that accept the discontinuous perspective regard development as taking place in stages\u2014qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize specific periods of development. In stage theories, development is like climbing a staircase, with each step corresponding to a more mature, reorganized way of functioning. The stage concept also assumes that people undergo periods of rapid transformation as they step up from one stage to the next. In other words, change is fairly sudden rather than gradual and ongoing.<\/p>\n Page Ref: 4<\/em><\/p>\n 122. Describe the role that Arnold Gesell played in the study of human development.<\/p>\n Answer: Inspired by the work of Charles Darwin, Arnold Gesell and his mentor, G. Stanley Hall, devised theories based on evolutionary ideas. They regarded development as a maturational process\u2014a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically, much like a flower. Hall and Gesell are remembered for their intensive efforts to describe all aspects of development. They launched the normative approach, in which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development. Gesell collected detailed normative information on the motor achievements, social behaviors, and personality characteristics of infants and children. He was also among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents. His books became central to a rapidly expanding child development literature for parents.<\/p>\n