Module 1 Discussion<\/p>\n
The discussion question for this module is a series
\nof questions related to a case study found in Chapter 1 of the text. Please
\nanswer all three questions (found below) in your initial response.<\/p>\n
Chapter 1 (pp 7-15): CASE STUDY\u00e2\u0080\u0094GROUP HEALTH
\nEAST (GHE)<\/p>\n
100,000-member
\n managed care organization
\nMixed
\n model
\n55-year-old
\n administrator (Mr. Jones)
\nTwo
\n large multi-specialty groups, each with a separate clinic
\n500
\n individual MDs in community
\nAffiliated
\n with two major hospitals in Boston
\nEach
\n clinic maintains a functional design
\nTwo
\n divisions (support services and clinical services)
\nConsidering
\n moving to a \u00e2\u0080\u009cmatrix model\u00e2\u0080\u009d<\/p>\n
Initial Discussion Questions:<\/p>\n
What
\n are the advantages and disadvantages of a matrix model for GHE in terms of
\n direct and indirect costs, as well as benefits such as improved
\n coordination?
\nHow
\n many product lines should the organization identify?
\nHow
\n should the organization determine which product lines ought to maintain
\n separate identities as part of the matrix design?<\/p>\n
Be sure in your initial response you support your
\nfindings and post with at least two quality, primary sources,
\nwhich may include you textbook. Cite and reference your sources.
\n (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each question).<\/p>\n
Module 2 Discussion<\/p>\n
The discussion question for this module is a series
\nof questions related to a case study found in Chapter 3 of the text. Please
\nanswer all three questions (found below) in your initial response.<\/p>\n
Chapter 3: CASE STUDY (3.2)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Breast Cancer Screening
\nIn Case Study 3.2 in the text, Pisano and colleagues (2006) compared the
\nperformance of digital to film mammography for breast cancer screening. Now
\nassume that the sensitivity and specificity of digital mammography is 85% and
\n95% respectively, the sensitivity and specificity of film mammography is 55%
\nand 85% respectively, and that 0.03% of women below the age of 50 have breast
\ncancer, and 12% of symptomatic women have breast cancer.<\/p>\n
Initial Discussion Questions:<\/p>\n
How
\n successful is film mammography in identifying women with breast cancer, or
\n ruling out the disease in women without breast cancer?
\nAre
\n there any recent advances (previous 5 years) that could improve the
\n success rates? If so, please explain what they are.<\/p>\n
Be sure in your initial response you support your
\nfindings and post with at least two quality, primary sources,
\nwhich may include you textbook. Cite and reference your sources.
\n (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each question).<\/p>\n
Module 3 Discussion<\/p>\n
The discussion question for this module is a series
\nof questions related to a case study found in Chapter 3 of the text. Please
\nanswer all three questions (found below) in your initial response.<\/p>\n
Chapter 5: CASE STUDY (5.3)\u00e2\u0080\u0094Inpatient Quality of Care Indicators for
\nBluegrass Hospital
\nSuppose that the Kentucky Hospital Association (KHA) decided to provide a
\nservice to its member hospitals by using the inpatient claims database to
\ncalculate inpatient quality of care indicators for each
\nhospital. They provide a report to each hospital comparing them to national
\nnorms. Table 5.5 presents some of these indicators for Bluegrass Hospital, a
\nfictional 200-bed hospital located in Central Kentucky. Upon receiving this
\nreport, Bluegrass Hospital organizes a quality improvement (QI) team to
\nevaluate and develop recommendations.<\/p>\n
Initial Discussion Questions:<\/p>\n
From
\n an Assessment of the report card only, Bluegrass Hospital would seem to be
\n deficient in which areas? Why?
\nSince
\n the report is based on an Assessment of administrative data, what should
\n the first course of action be? Why?<\/p>\n
Research an inpatient quality of care indicator and
\nprovide a 5-6 sentence summary of an article from peer
\nreviewed literature that describes how performance on that indicator can
\nbe improved upon.<\/p>\n
Module 4 Discussion<\/p>\n
Clinical, research and managerial epidemiologists
\ndeal in risk. Risk is the chance that a person may or may not develop the
\ncondition, with or without exposure, in a defined time period. There
\nis more than one type of risk.<\/p>\n
Type of Risk<\/p>\n
Absolute risk(incidence, prevalence)<\/p>\n
Relative risk (RR)(Odds Ratio)<\/p>\n
Attributable
\n risk\/fraction<\/p>\n
Risk Objective<\/p>\n
To
\n determine the rates of disease by person, place and time<\/p>\n
To
\n identify the risk factors for the disease<\/p>\n
To
\n develop approaches for disease prevention<\/p>\n
Example<\/p>\n
Birth\/death
\n rates are absolute!<\/p>\n
What
\n are the odds?<\/p>\n
Increase\/decrease
\n in incidence\/proportion?<\/p>\n
What
\n do we know about the absolute, relative risk and attributable risk of
\n smoking and lung cancer?
\nHow
\n may this knowledge help in private and public health epidemiology?<\/p>\n
Be sure in your initial response to provide at
\nleast two examples from peer reviewed literature that expound upon
\nthis relationship (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article).<\/p>\n
Module 5 Discussion<\/p>\n
The cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) is one type
\nof a benefit analysis tool used in managerial epidemiology. Others
\ninclude cost-utility, cost-effectiveness, cost-consequence, and cost of
\nillness. Since medical quality and health services have a high individual
\nperception regarding value, different stakeholders will have different
\nperspectives when performing and interpreting a CEA. Different decision
\nmakers, i.e., physicians, administrators, employers, payers, government and
\nother public and private officials all have varying
\nperspectives. Therefore, it is the common perspective that is generally
\nmost useful when making comparisons among the various interpretations of the
\nCEA or other cost\/benefit analysis results and outcomes.<\/p>\n
Where
\n does the CEA fit into public health and clinical epidemiological
\n research, as well as, health services research?
\nWhat
\n are some examples and characteristics of medical cost and effectiveness
\n measures?<\/p>\n
Be sure in your initial response to provide at
\nleast two examples from peer reviewed literature that further clarify
\nor illustrate your response (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article).<\/p>\n
Module 6 Discussion<\/p>\n
How research is designed is important to its
\nvalidity. In research, and particularly government funded research, the
\nInstitutional Review Board is the authority on requirements for research
\ndesign.<\/p>\n
DHHS, Institutional Review Board
\n Guidebook. Chapter 4: Considerations of Research Design<\/p>\n
A. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f1″>Introduction<\/p>\n
F. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f9″>Case-Control
\n Studies<\/p>\n
B. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f5″>Observation<\/p>\n
G. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f10″>Prospective
\n Studies<\/p>\n
C. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f6″>Record Reviews
\n and Historical Studies<\/p>\n
H. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f11″>Clinical
\n Trials<\/p>\n
D. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f7″>Surveys,
\n Questionnaires, and Interviews<\/p>\n
I. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f12″>Identification
\n and Recruitment of Subjects<\/p>\n
E. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f8″>Epidemiologic
\n Studies<\/p>\n
J. .hhs.gov\/ohrp\/archive\/irb\/irb_chapter4.htm#f13″>Assignment of
\n Subjects to Experimental and Control Groups<\/p>\n
Four common research designs used in
\nepidemiological studies are cohort, case control, longitudinal, and
\ncross-sectional studies. However, there are also prospective and
\nretrospective, quantitative, qualitative and quasi (mixed) research
\ndesigns. Data is what drives medical research and its
\ndesign. Medical research drives scientific findings that ultimately
\nresult in improving human health. All of the various research study
\ndesigns that fall into either descriptive or analytical epidemiology.<\/p>\n
All research studies fall into either descriptive or analytical
\nepidemiology. <\/p>\n
What
\n are those study designs and how are they defined?
\nWhat
\n are the strengths and weaknesses of each of the designs you have
\n defined?<\/p>\n
Be sure in your initial response to provide at
\nleast two examples from peer reviewed literature that further clarify
\nor illustrate your response (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article).<\/p>\n
Module 7 Discussion<\/p>\n
In last week\u00e2\u0080\u0099s discussion, we looked at types of
\nresearch designs. This week, we will look at requirements of designs
\nusing real people, i.e., the clinical trials.<\/p>\n
.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/humansubjects\/anprm2011page.html”>.jpg” alt=”Human subjects protections update”><\/p>\n
Office for Human Research Protections
\n(OHRP) <\/p>\n
There
\n are two types of clinical studies, i.e., clinical trials and observational
\n studies. How do they differ and provide examples of each?
\nWho
\n can participate in a clinical study and what is the process to protect
\n them from harm?<\/p>\n
Be sure in your initial response to provide at
\nleast two examples from peer reviewed literature that helps to
\nsupport your position (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article).<\/p>\n
Module 8 Discussion<\/p>\n
Disease may be classified as
\n acute, subacute or chronic. It may be emerging or reemerging.<\/p>\n
Why is it a challenge in
\n defining diseases as either totally chronic or totally infectious
\n (acute) in nature?
\nWhat are examples of
\n emerging and reemerging diseases? Would HIV be considered an
\n emerging or reemerging?<\/p>\n
Be sure in your initial response to provide at
\nleast two examples from peer reviewed literature that helps to
\nsupport your position (write 5-6 sentence summaries for each article).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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