COCA-COLA GOES GREEN: THE LAUNCH OF COKE LIFE1<\/p>\n
9B16A018<\/p>\n
Matthias Koch wrote this case solely to provide material for class discussion. The author does not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation. The author may have disguised certain names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality.<\/p>\n
This publication may not be transmitted, photocopied, digitized or otherwise reproduced in any form or by any means without the permission of the copyright holder. Reproduction of this material is not covered under authorization by any reproduction rights organization. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, contact Ivey Publishing, Ivey Business School, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, N6G 0N1; (t) 519.661.3208; (e) cases@ivey.ca; www.iveycases.com.<\/p>\n
Copyright \u00a9 2016, Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation Version: 2016-06-13<\/p>\n
In June 2013, The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) began a two-year initiative to launch Coke Life, a NATURALLYsweetened carbonated soft drink with reduced sugar. Coke Life complemented TCCC\u2019s established product line consisting of Coca-Cola (also known as Coca-Cola Classic), Diet Coke, and Coke Zero. Coke Life substituted a portion of the sugar component with stevia leaf extract and contained 35 per cent less sugar than Coca-Cola Classic. TCCC claimed that \u201cCoke Life is for adults looking for a great tasting Coke but [one that has] fewer kilojoules and [is] sweetened from natural sources.\u201d2<\/p>\n
When TCCC launched Coke Life, the market for carbonated soft drinks was highly competitive and shrinking. Further, TCCC had its TOP brands positioned in this market already. So, why would TCCC add another drink to the mix<\/p>\n
THE COCA-COLA COMPANY<\/p>\n
TCCC was the world\u2019s largest company in the non-alcoholic beverage industry.3 Soft drinks bearing the Coca-Cola trademark had been sold in the United States since 1886. TCCC distributed its products to more than 200 countries worldwide. Its brand portfolio consisted of over 500 non-alcoholic beverage brands, mainly sparkling drinks but also still beverages such as water, juice drinks, ready-to-drink teas and coffees, and sports and energy drinks.4 TCCC owned four of the TOP five drink brands in the world: Coca-Cola Classic, Diet Coke, Fanta, and Sprite (see Exhibit 1).<\/p>\n
As of the end of 2014, TCCC had approximately 130,000 employees. In 2013, TCCC had total sales of US$46.9 billion5 and a gross profit of $28.4 billion (60.7 per cent). That year, TCCC realized earnings before taxes of $11.5 billion (24.5 per cent) (see Exhibit 2).<\/p>\n
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Page 2 9B16A018 THE GLOBAL SOFT DRINK MARKET<\/p>\n
The beverages market was divided into alcoholic beverages (hard drinks) and non-alcoholic beverages (soft drinks). In 2014, the soft drink market grew by 3 per cent in volume and 6 per cent in sales to reach approximately $650 billion.6 The U.S. market remained the world\u2019s largest market for soft drinks. In terms of volume growth, the Asia-Pacific region was ranked second, with volume expanding by 6.9 per cent.<\/p>\n
The key categories within the soft drink market were carbonated soft drinks (CSDs), accounting for approximately 35 per cent, bottled water (25 per cent), and fruit drinks and juices (15 per cent). Other categories were ready-to-drink tea, sports and energy, and other (25 per cent).7<\/p>\n
In the first half of 2014, CSD volumes in the United States decreased by approximately 1 per cent. In the same timeframe, non-alcoholic ready-to-drink (NARTD) beverages, sports and energy drinks, and bottled water grew strongly. The ready-to-drink coffee segment recorded growth of approximately 8 per cent.<\/p>\n
The NARTD category was estimated to increase by 5 per cent between 2014 and 2017. Since 2010, NARTD retail value had grown by $135 billion. Further, Euromonitor International project ( help with nursing paper writing from experts with MSN & DNP degrees)ed that this market would grow by approximately $200 billion by 2020. The market for diet soft drinks, on the other hand, had constantly decelerated over the last 10 years, even falling into decline in 2008 (see Exhibits 3 and 4).8<\/p>\n
Within the CSD segment, TCCC had accumulated a market share of over 40 per cent.9 However, the non- alcoholic beverage segment was highly competitive, consisting of numerous players ranging from small and\/or emerging companies to large and well-established manufacturers.10 PepsiCo Inc. was one of TCCC\u2019s primary competitors, with an approximately 27 per cent market share within the CSD segment. Other significant competitors were Nestle\u00c3\u0152\u00c2\u0081 S.A., Dr Pepper Snapple Group Inc., Groupe Danone, Mondelez International, Inc., Kraft Foods Group, Inc., Suntory Beverage & Food Limited, and the Unilever Group.<\/p>\n
MARKET SEGMENTATION<\/p>\n
The soft drink market spanned from bottled water to sugar-sweetened soft drinks, with cola being the dominating flavour.11 On one end, bottled water was positioned as a tasteless and sugar-free option to satisfy the basic need of thirst. Bottled water represented the health-oriented consumer segment. Consumers in this segment valued a sugar-free, healthy drink that supported their healthy lifestyle.<\/p>\n
Sugar-sweetened soft drinks were positioned on the other end of the spectrum. They were targeted towards taste-oriented consumers. Consumers in this segment valued the strong, NATURAL, and pure taste of sugar. Coca-Cola Classic\u2014branded red\u2014and Pepsi Classic\u2014branded blue\u2014represented the original cola brands for the two key cola manufacturers. The drinks contained over 10 grams of sugar and over 40 calories per 100 millilitres. Over the last decades, TCCC and PepsiCo had launched more than a dozen cola products, including caffeine-free versions and cherry- and\/or vanilla-flavoured versions.12<\/p>\n
Based on the amount of sugar, two product categories had emerged within the cola segment of the CSD market:<\/p>\n
\u00c3\u00af\u00e2\u20ac\u0161\u00c2\u00b7 Full-sugar drinks: Coca-Cola Classic and Pepsi Classic<\/p>\n
\u00c3\u00af\u00e2\u20ac\u0161\u00c2\u00b7 No-sugar drinks: Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi; Coke Zero and Pepsi Max<\/p>\n
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Page 3 9B16A018<\/p>\n
TCCC and PepsiCo had launched diet versions of their classic products, branded silver. The diet versions contained no sugar and minimal calories. In 1993 and 2005, PepsiCo and TCCC introduced Pepsi Max and Coke Zero, respectively. Like the diet products, Pepsi Max and Coke Zero were sugar- and calorie- free. No-sugar soft drinks targeted a hybrid consumer segment\u2014that is, consumers who valued both the sweet taste of soft drinks and their individual health.<\/p>\n
All sugar-free drinks were artificially sweetened using acesulfame potassium and\/or aspartame.13 Acesulfame potassium, also referred to as \u201cAce-K,\u201d was a sugar substitute that contained very few calories and was approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar. Aspartame was mainly made of aspartic acid and phenylalanine.14 Some people had to avoid phenylalanine, as their metabolisms could not break it down (see Exhibit 5).<\/p>\n
WICKED CONSUMER TRENDS, SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE, AND LEGISLATIVE INTERVENTIONS<\/p>\n
Obesity and being overweight were considered major global threats to societal welfare.15 According to the World Health Organization, obesity had more than doubled worldwide since 1980. In 2014, almost two billion adults were overweight. In addition, 42 million children under the age of five were overweight or obese in 2013. Most of the world\u2019s population lived in countries where overweight and obesity killed more people than underweight.<\/p>\n
From the mid-2000s onwards, sugar-sweetened soft drinks had been heavily criticized for their negative impact on health. The long-term effects were thoroughly researched. The scientific evidence suggested that sugary drinks increased the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and other chronic conditions. The World Health Organization had launched several initiatives, research studies, and educational documents encouraging adults and children to reduce their sugar intake.16 According to the Australia New Zealand Standards Code, a balanced diet for an average adult included 90 grams of sugar per day.17<\/p>\n
As a result of the growing scientific evidence, policymakers worldwide had begun to intervene. The Mexican government, for example, introduced a nation-wide sugary drink tax that took effect in 2014. The policy aimed to help curb rising rates of obesity and diabetes in Mexico, which had overtaken the United States as the world\u2019s most overweight country.18 Likewise, the Measure D soda tax was approved by 75 per cent of Berkeley, California, voters on November 4, 2014, and took effect on January 1, 2015, as the first such tax in the United States.19<\/p>\n
Further, on July 9, 2015, San Francisco lawmakers decided that ads for carbonated soft drinks must include warning labels. Advertisements for sugary beverages would have to bear the message, \u201cWARNING: Drinking beverages with added sugar(s) contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay. This is a message from the City and County of San Francisco.\u201d20<\/p>\n
In 2013, TCCC launched a controversial television ad showcasing TCCC\u2019s achievements in fighting obesity.21<\/p>\n
POSITIONING AND BRANDING OF COKE LIFE<\/p>\n
Coke Life\u2014branded green\u2014complemented TCCC\u2019s existing product line as a reduced-sugar version of Coca-Cola Classic. TCCC positioned its cola brands as follows:22<\/p>\n
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Page 4 9B16A018<\/p>\n
\u00c3\u00af\u00e2\u20ac\u0161\u00c2\u00b7 Coca-Cola Classic: the original brand valued by consumers for its great, natural taste;<\/p>\n
\u00c3\u00af\u00e2\u20ac\u0161\u00c2\u00b7 Coke Zero: designed for young adults with zero sugar;<\/p>\n
\u00c3\u00af\u00e2\u20ac\u0161\u00c2\u00b7 Diet Coke: distinct taste with zero sugar and low kilojoules; valued by dedicated drinkers; and<\/p>\n
\u00c3\u00af\u00e2\u20ac\u0161\u00c2\u00b7 Coke Life: for adults looking for a great-tasting Coke that was naturally sweetened and had fewer<\/p>\n
kilojoules.<\/p>\n
Coke Life claimed to contain 35 per cent less sugar (6.6 grams per 100 millilitres) than Coca-Cola Classic. In contrast to Diet Coke and Coke Zero, Coke Life was naturally sweetened using stevia leaf extract as a substitute for sugar. Stevia was a sweetener extracted from the stevia plant leaves and contained zero calories.23<\/p>\n
Coke Life was the first branded Coke product to use stevia leaf extract. Geoff Parker of the Australian Beverages Council stated: \u201cWe know consumers are asking for more choice . . . particularly stevia- sweetened beverages. Coke Life is an innovation that is expected to really excite the category and draw people into the soft-drink category.\u201d24<\/p>\n
TCCC described Coke Life\u2019s brand identity as follows: \u201cIt delivers the best possible Coca-Cola taste with 35 per cent less sugar and kilojoules than Coca-Cola. To achieve a great-tasting, lower-kilojoule alternative to the original Coca-Cola drink, the company has combined sugar with stevia\u2014a natural sweetener with minimal kilojoules. . . . With the addition of the much-anticipated Coca-Cola Life, the Coca-Cola family now has something for every taste: Coca-Cola; lower-kilojoule Coca-Cola Life; and two no-sugar options, Coca-Cola Zero and Diet Coke.\u201d25<\/p>\n
The key product design elements reflected the brand identity of Coke Life. The dominant colour was green, the major graphical element was a small leaf, and \u201cLife\u201d was printed in italic font. The green packaging extended the familiar red (Coca-Cola Classic), silver (Diet Coke), and black (Coke Zero) product line offerings in a way that was easily understood.26 Furthermore, TCCC had created an eco- friendly bottle, dubbed the \u201cPlantBottle,\u201d which was made from 100 per cent recyclable material.27<\/p>\n
TCCC had painfully experienced the importance of branding when the launch of \u201cNew Coke\u201d in 1985 led to what was eventually known as the \u201cNew Coke debacle.\u201d28 When introducing New Coke, TCCC overrated the functional benefits\u2014that is, the taste of the product\u2014thereby neglecting the symbolic benefits of the product. TCCC commented on this event as follows: \u201cThe fabled secret formula for Coca- Cola was changed, adopting a formula preferred in taste tests of nearly 200,000 consumers. What these tests didn\u2019t show, of course, was the bond consumers felt with their Coca-Cola\u2014something they didn\u2019t want anyone, including The Coca-Cola Company, tampering with.\u201d29<\/p>\n
MARKETING OPERATIONS<\/p>\n
TCCC decided to roll out Coke Life sequentially. Coke Life was launched in Argentina in June 2013; in Chile in November 2013; and in the United Kingdom in August 2014.30 The United States, Mexico, and Sweden followed in September 2014. In the following months, Coke Life was introduced in Ireland (in December 2014); Belgium, France, Germany, Norway, and the Netherlands (in January 2015); Switzerland (in February 2015); Japan (in March 2015); and Australia and New Zealand (in April 2015).<\/p>\n
TCCC used its existing indirect channels (bottler\u2013distributor\u2013merchant\u2013consumer) to organize the distribution of Coke Life, with the main channel routes being supermarkets and general merchandisers (48 per cent), as well as food service and drinking places (20 per cent).31<\/p>\n
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Page 5 9B16A018<\/p>\n
The pricing strategy differed across countries. In Australia, Coke Life maintained stability with its identical price compared to other TCCC products.32 However, in the United Kingdom Coke Life started at a lower price compared to Diet Coke and was eventually priced higher than Diet Coke.33<\/p>\n
TCCC launched multimillion-dollar communication campaigns across multiple channels, including television, cinema, out-of-home, print, digital, public relations, and sampling.34 In Australia, for instance, the campaign used the locally developed \u201cLet Life Surprise You\u201d claim to engage with customers, underlining that TCCC would make every effort to ensure that Coke Life was available for everyone, everywhere.35 As part of its communication campaign, TCCC partnered with the two leading retailers and launched co-branded spots to introduce Coke Life.36 Five months after the \u201cLet Life Surprise You\u201d campaign, TCCC launched the \u201cCoke Come Alive\u201d campaign featuring all its cola products, including Coke Life.<\/p>\n
In Argentina, TCCC launched a commercial connecting Coke Life with parenting. The spot was uploaded onto YouTube with the following caption: \u201cIn a span of 60 seconds, Coke Argentina tells a true-to-life story of the highs and lows of early parenthood in this new spot by Santo Buenos Aires for Coke Life. We see a couple go through all the milestones after bringing home a baby\u2014from sheer exhaustion to toddler mischief to the \u2018Toys R Us has thrown up all over my house\u2019 stage.\u201d37<\/p>\n
COKE LIFE: SUCCESS OR FAILURE<\/p>\n
In 2013, when Coke Life was introduced, TCCC sales dropped by 2.4 per cent compared to 2012. TCCC\u2019s marketing director in Australia, Lisa Winn, for instance, hoped Coca-Cola Life would reverse the decline in soft drink sales. She said, \u201cWhen they launched Coke Life in the United Kingdom last year, it created a halo around the whole trademark, lifting sales across all the product. Sales for the four to five months after launching were up 4.9 per cent for the whole trademark.\u201d38<\/p>\n
On the other hand, Queensland University of Technology Professor Amanda Lee, former chair of Australia\u2019s National Health and Medical Research Council\u2019s Dietary Guidelines Working Committee, criticized Coke Life\u2019s marketing campaign: \u201cIt reminds me of the stage we were up at 30 years ago when manufacturers were making healthy cigarettes. I\u2019m worried, it\u2019s trying to make a product that\u2019s intrinsically unhealthy, healthy.\u201d39<\/p>\n
\u201cWe\u2019ve made a commitment that by 2020, low- or no-calorie Cokes will account for 50 per cent of sales,\u201d said Coca-Cola Enterprises general manager Leendert den Hollander.40 What response would the launch of Coke Life trigger, and would it be successful<\/p>\n
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Page 6<\/p>\n
9B16A018<\/p>\n
EXHIBIT 1: MAJOR BRANDS OF THE COCA-COLA COMPANY<\/p>\n
Source: The Coca-Cola Company, Form 10-K 2013, February 27, 2014, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca- colacompany.com\/content\/dam\/journey\/us\/en\/private\/fileassets\/pdf\/2014\/02\/2013-annual-report-on-form-10-k.pdf.<\/p>\n
EXHIBIT 2: FINANCIAL FIGURES FOR THE COCA-COLA COMPANY, 2010\u20132013 (MILLIONS US$)<\/p>\n
Source: The Coca-Cola Company, Form 10-K 2013, February 27, 2014, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca- colacompany.com\/content\/dam\/journey\/us\/en\/private\/fileassets\/pdf\/2014\/02\/2013-annual-report-on-form-10-k.pdf;
\nThe Coca-Cola Company, Form 10-K 2012, February 27, 2013, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca- colacompany.com\/content\/dam\/journey\/us\/en\/private\/fileassets\/pdf\/2013\/03\/2012-annual-report-on-form-10-k.pdf.<\/p>\n
Coca-Cola<\/p>\n
Minute Maid<\/p>\n
Aquarius\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u00a8<\/p>\n
Bonaqua \/ Bonaqa<\/p>\n
Diet Coke \/ Coca-Cola Light<\/p>\n
Georgia<\/p>\n
Minute Maid Pulpy<\/p>\n
Ayataka<\/p>\n
Coca-Cola Zero<\/p>\n
Powerade<\/p>\n
Dasani\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u00a8<\/p>\n
Gold Peak\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u00a8<\/p>\n
Fanta\u00c3\u00a2\u00e2\u201a\u00ac\u00c2\u00a8<\/p>\n
Del Valle<\/p>\n
Simply<\/p>\n
I LOHAS<\/p>\n
Sprite<\/p>\n
Schweppes<\/p>\n
Glace\u00c3\u0152\u00c2\u0081au Vitaminwater<\/p>\n
FUZE TEA<\/p>\n
Year Ended Dec. 31<\/p>\n
2013<\/p>\n
2012<\/p>\n
2011<\/p>\n
2010<\/p>\n
Net operating revenue<\/p>\n
46,854<\/p>\n
48,017<\/p>\n
46,542<\/p>\n
35,119<\/p>\n
Cost of goods sold<\/p>\n
18,421<\/p>\n
19,053<\/p>\n
18,215<\/p>\n
12,693<\/p>\n
Gross profit<\/p>\n
28,433<\/p>\n
28,964<\/p>\n
28,327<\/p>\n
22,426<\/p>\n
Gross profit margin (per cent)<\/p>\n
60.7<\/p>\n
60.3<\/p>\n
60.9<\/p>\n
63.9<\/p>\n
Selling, general, admin. expense<\/p>\n
17,310<\/p>\n
17,738<\/p>\n
17,422<\/p>\n
13,194<\/p>\n
Earnings before taxes<\/p>\n
11,477<\/p>\n
11,809<\/p>\n
11,458<\/p>\n
14,207<\/p>\n
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Page 7<\/p>\n
9B16A018<\/p>\n
EXHIBIT 3: GLOBAL SOFT DRINK MARKET BY SEGMENT (US$ BILLION)<\/p>\n
Juices<\/p>\n
RTD tea & coffee, functional drinks, concentrates<\/p>\n
Bottled water<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
2000 2002<\/p>\n
Note: RTD = \u201cReady to drink.\u201d
\nSource: MarketLine, Stevia – Sugar Substitute – New Trends in the Beverage Market, October 2014, accessed April 10, 2016, http:\/\/store.marketline.com\/Product\/stevia_sugar_substitute_new_trends_in_the_beverage_marketproductid=ML00017-053.<\/p>\n
EXHIBIT 4: DIET COKE AND DIET PEPSI GROWTH INDEX<\/p>\n
10%<\/p>\n
5%<\/p>\n
0%
\n2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012<\/p>\n
-5%<\/p>\n
-10%<\/p>\n
-15%<\/p>\n
-20%<\/p>\n
Source: MarketLine, Stevia – Sugar Substitute – New Trends in the Beverage Market, October 2014, accessed April 10, 2016, http:\/\/store.marketline.com\/Product\/stevia_sugar_substitute_new_trends_in_the_beverage_marketproductid=ML00017-053.<\/p>\n
Carbonates<\/p>\n
800
\n700
\n600
\n500
\n400
\n300
\n200
\n100
\n2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018<\/p>\n
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Billion US$<\/p>\n
Page 8<\/p>\n
9B16A018<\/p>\n
EXHIBIT 5: COLA PRODUCT COMPARISON\u2014TCCC VERSUS PEPSICO<\/p>\n
TCCC<\/p>\n
Classic<\/p>\n
Diet<\/p>\n
Zero<\/p>\n
Colour<\/p>\n
Red<\/p>\n
Silver<\/p>\n
Black<\/p>\n
Carbohydrates\/sugars per 100 ml<\/p>\n
10.6 g<\/p>\n
0g<\/p>\n
0g<\/p>\n
Calories<\/p>\n
43<\/p>\n
0.4<\/p>\n
0.3<\/p>\n
PepsiCo<\/p>\n
Classic<\/p>\n
Diet<\/p>\n
Max<\/p>\n
Colour<\/p>\n
Blue<\/p>\n
Silver<\/p>\n
Black<\/p>\n
Carbohydrates\/sugars per 100 ml<\/p>\n
11.7 g<\/p>\n
0g<\/p>\n
0g<\/p>\n
Calories<\/p>\n
45<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
0<\/p>\n
Source: \u201cCoca-Cola Life,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca-cola.com.au\/cokelife; \u201cThe Facts about Your Favorite Beverages,\u201d PepsiCo, May 4, 2016, accessed May 11, 2016, www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com\/Home\/productformula=35005*26*01-01&form=RTD&size=12.<\/p>\n
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Page 9 9B16A018 ENDNOTES<\/p>\n
1 This case has been written on the basis of published sources only. Consequently, the interpretation and perspectives presented in this case are not necessarily those of The Coca-Cola Company or any of its employees.
\n2 \u201cCoca-Cola Life,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca-cola.com.au\/cokelife.
\n3 Sharon Bailey, \u201cSoft Drink Industry Now Looking to Still Beverages to Boost Sales,\u201d Market Realist, November 20, 2014, accessed November 5, 2015, http:\/\/marketrealist.com\/2014\/11\/guide-non-alcoholic-beverage-industry.<\/p>\n
4 The Coca-Cola Company, Form 10-K 2014, op. cit.
\n5 All currency amounts are in U.S. dollars unless otherwise specified.
\n6 MarketLine, Stevia – Sugar Substitute – New Trends in the Beverage Market, October 2014, accessed April 10, 2016, http:\/\/store.marketline.com\/Product\/stevia_sugar_substitute_new_trends_in_the_beverage_marketproductid=ML00017- 053.
\n7 Ibid.
\n8 Ibid.
\n9 Sharon Bailey, op. cit.; Justin Fox, \u201cStill Sweet on Coke and Pepsi\u201d Bloomberg View, January 21, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, www.bloombergview.com\/articles\/2015-01-21\/still-sweet-on-coke-and-pepsi-.
\n10 The Coca-Cola Company, Form 10-K 2014, February 25, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca- colacompany.com\/content\/dam\/journey\/us\/en\/private\/fileassets\/pdf\/2015\/02\/2014-annual-report-on-form-10-k.pdf.
\n11 Mintel Group, Category Insights: Carbonated Soft Drinks, July 2015; Euromonitor International, Coca-Cola Co The, Swot Analysis, In Soft Drinks (World), March 2013, accessed April 10, 2016, www.euromonitor.com\/medialibrary\/PDF\/Coca-Cola- Co_SWOT_Analysis.pdf.
\n12 \u201cAll Brands,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, August 31, 2012, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca- colacompany.com\/brands\/all; \u201cThe Facts about Your Favorite Beverages,\u201d PepsiCo May 4, 2016, accessed May 11, 2016, www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com.
\n13 \u201cIngredient Glossary,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, 2014, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca- colaproductfacts.com\/en\/coca-cola-ingredients.
\n14 Ibid.
\n15 \u201cObesity and Overweight,\u201d World Health Organization, January 2015, accessed November 6, 2015, www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs311\/en.
\n16 World Health Organization, Guideline: Sugar Intake for Adults and Children, 2015, accessed November 6, 2015, http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/149782\/1\/9789241549028_eng.pdfua=1.
\n17 Australian Government, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code \u2013 Standard 1.2.8 \u2013 Nutrition Information Requirements, March 25, 2015, accessed November 6, 2015, www.comlaw.gov.au\/Details\/F2015L00395.
\n18 Maria Gallucci, \u201cAs Mexico\u2019s Sugary Drink Tax Turns 1 Year Old, US Health Proponents Hope It Can Sway American Voters,\u201d International Business Times, January 11, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, www.ibtimes.com\/mexicos-sugary- drink-tax-turns-1-year-old-us-health-proponents-hope-it-can-sway-1779632.
\n19 Allison Aubrey, \u201cHow Did Berkeley Pass a Soda Tax Bloomberg\u2019s Cash Didn\u2019t Hurt,\u201d npr, November 5, 2014, accessed November 5, 2015, www.npr.org SECTIONS\/thesalt\/2014\/11\/05\/361793296\/how-did-berkeley-pass-a-soda-tax-bloombergs- cash-didnt-hurtutm_medium=RSS&utm_campaign=us.
\n20 Katy Steinmetz, \u201cSan Francisco Approves Warning Label for Sugary Drink Ads,\u201d Time, June 9, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, http:\/\/time.com\/3915485\/san-francisco-soda-warning-label.
\n21 \u201cCoca-Cola to Run Ads on Obesity,\u201d YouTube video, 2:08, January 14, 2013, accessed November 6, 2015, https:\/\/youtu.be\/6r_9HPzMZTU.
\n22 \u201cCoca-Cola Life,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca-cola.com.au\/cokelife.
\n23 \u201cIngredient Glossary,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, op cit.
\n24 Journey Australia Staff, \u201cLife Is Sweet: Coke Life Arrives in Australia and New Zealand,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, March 31, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca-colajourney.com.au\/stories\/life-is-sweet-coke-life-arrives-in-australia-and- new-zealand-in-april.
\n25 Ibid.
\n26 The usage of the colour green matched that of its key competitor product, Pepsi True.
\n27 Luke Graham, \u201cCoca-Cola Unveils New Eco-Bottle Made from Plants,\u201d CNBC, June 4, 2015, accessed November 6, 2015, www.cnbc.com\/2015\/06\/04\/coca-cola-unveils-new-eco-bottle-made-from-plants.html.
\n28 \u201cThe Real Story of New Coke,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, November 14, 2012, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca- colacompany.com\/history\/the-real-story-of-new-coke.
\n29 Ibid.
\n30 Jay Moye, \u201cLower-Calorie Coca-Cola Life to Launch in Great Britain,\u201d The Coca-Cola Company, June 11, 2014, accessed November 5, 2015, www.coca-colacompany.com\/stories\/lower-calorie-coca-cola-life-to-launch-in-great-britain.
\n31 Sierra Services, Breaking Down the CHAIN: A Guide to the Soft Drink Industry, 2011, accessed November 5, 2015, www.foodpolitics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/SoftDrinkIndustryMarketing_11.pdf.
\n32 Sue Mitchell, \u201cCoca-Cola Puts Lid on New Product Coke Life until April,\u201d The Sydney Morning Herald, October 30, 2014, accessed November 5, 2015, www.smh.com.au\/business\/cocacola-puts-lid-on-new-product-coke-life-until-april-20141029- 11dpd1.html.<\/p>\n
Authorized for use only by basil Alanazi in MKTG2270 at Saint Mary’s University from Sep 07, 2016 to Dec 17, 2016. Use outside these parameters is a copyright violation.<\/p>\n
Page 10 9B16A018<\/p>\n
33 \u201cCoke Life One Year On: Sales Success or Marketing Gimmick\u201d Steve Kaplan Marketing, October 13, 2015, accessed November 6, 2015, https:\/\/stevekaplanmarketing.wordpress.com\/2015\/10\/13\/coke-life-one-year-on-sales-success-or- marketing-gimmick.
\n34 \u201cCoca-Cola to Launch Multimillion Dollar Marketing Campaign via Ogilvy & Mather for Coca-Cola Life,\u201d CampaignBrief, March 30, 2015, accessed November 6, 2015, www.campaignbrief.com\/2015\/03\/coca-cola-to-launch-multimilli.html.<\/p>\n
35 Ibid.
\n36 \u201cCoke Life Australian Launch,\u201d YouTube video 0:30, April 9, 2015, accessed November 6, 2015, https:\/\/youtu.be\/fQzJ5KJMRWE.
\n37 \u201cHeartwarming Coca-Cola Life Commercial from Argentina Showing Trials Tribulations Parenting – #kids,\u201d YouTube video, 1:00, December 16, 2013, accessed November 6, 2015, https:\/\/youtu.be\/yRqUTA6AegA.
\n38 Esther Han, \u201cCoca-Cola Accused of \u2018Greenwashing\u2019 with Launch of Sugar-Reduced Coke Life,\u201d The Sydney Morning Herald, March 31, 2015, accessed November 5, 2015, www.smh.com.au\/national\/health\/cocacola-accused-of- greenwashing-with-launch-of-sugarreduced-coke-life-20150330-1mas6u.html.
\n39 Ibid.
\n40 \u201cLife Flies High with 9% Share of Coke\u2019s Advertising Spend,\u201d The Grocer, March 27, 2015, accessed November 6, 2015, www.thegrocer.co.uk\/reports\/digital-features\/soft-drinks-report-2015\/life-flies-high-with-9-share-of-cokes-advertising- spend\/516139.article.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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