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Children on the Internet<\/strong><\/p>\n Overview:<\/strong><\/p>\n Many people may consider the Internet as the greatest invention ever created by man. No\u00a0doubt about that if we talked about how fast knowledge exchanging has become today, or\u00a0how easy can people communicate with each other globally. Also children nowadays practice\u00a0many activities on the Internet; the most popular ones are schoolwork, social networking and\u00a0online gaming. Children\u2019s ability to access the Internet has grown rapidly. It has made our\u00a0life much easier and it has become an essential part of modern life.<\/p>\n Even though the benefits of the Internet are countless, it may be considered as an extremely\u00a0dangerous environment for children because some of the Internet contents can\u2019t be controlled\u00a0and uncensored. Also children are not fully aware of how horrible and devastating the\u00a0consequences could be.<\/p>\n However, there is no universally accepted view of what is more important whether the\u00a0education of children or protection, which is also another challenge! Also the differences in\u00a0people\u2019s cultures and geographical location in legal and social norms reflect the lack of\u00a0common agreement.<\/p>\n In this report, we will discuss three main issues that raise the concerns about children on the internet:<\/p>\n Background and The Importance of The Internet:<\/strong><\/p>\n The evolution of the Internet in the last 3 decades has been hugely improved and nowadays\u00a0we rely on it in most of our daily needs.<\/p>\n It\u2019s both informative and entertaining medium. Some children use it to expand their horizon\u00a0and increase their knowledge and other use it just for fun.<\/p>\n Also these activities doesn\u2019t require the traditional desktop computer anymore, the platforms\u00a0has increased to handheld devices such as smart phones and tablets.<\/p>\n The Internet doesn\u2019t just improve children mental skills but also improves their imagination\u00a0and develops their interaction skills.<\/p>\n The ways of using the Internet and the reasons differ from child to child according to the\u00a0child age and interests.<\/p>\n Explanation of the issues:<\/strong><\/p>\n Despite the many benefits of using the Internet and its associated services among children\u00a0there are also risks, which they must be made aware of 1. In this report we will explain some\u00a0issues such as: The possibility that children could obverse inappropriate content in the\u00a0Internet (as in Networked Communications- Children Inappropriate Content section in the\u00a0course), contact with people who seek to abuse children and privacy risk from game sites that\u00a0ask children for extensive personal and family information for marketing purposes.<\/p>\n The possibility that children could obverse inappropriate content in the\u00a0<\/strong>Internet:<\/strong><\/p>\n The term \u2018inappropriate content\u2019 may vary across generations and across countries and\u00a0cultures. On the other hand, there is content that is considered in all cultures as inappropriate\u00a0for children, such as the depiction of graphic violence or sexual abuse, and encouragement to\u00a0harm one\u2019s self or others. Moreover, some content can be considered as illegal, such as\u00a0violent or sexual acts against children, and the promotion of racism and xenophobia. The\u00a0different types of inappropriate content and risks that children can encounter online is\u00a0classified based on the role of the child (as recipient, participant or as actor) and the motives\u00a0of the provider (commercial, aggressive, sexual and values-related). Children inevitably\u00a0encounter content such as pornography as it is widely available on the Internet. Child\u00a0pornography in particular has important implications and considered as one of the most\u00a0serious crimes on the Internet. Sexual content, like pornographic or sexual depictions, might\u00a0cause harm to children or lead them to personal contact with potentially dangerous strangers.<\/p>\n Contacting with people who seek to abuse children:<\/strong><\/p>\n Speaking of contacting with people who seek to abuse children, \u2018British investigators flew to\u00a0America to rescue a six-year-old-girl who was being repeatedly raped on video by her father\u00a0for the gratification of members of a highly secretive internet paedophile ring.\u2019 And many\u00a0other stories like this one appear on a regular basis. Child abuse takes new forms, leaving\u00a0social workers and parents confused about new threats that may arrive with new\u00a0technologies. Contact offences can be committed by adults where an adult commits or seeks\u00a0to commit a sexual offence on a child. Historically most child sex abuse was by a family\u00a0member or from people in his social circles. On the Internet adults who may become\u00a0involved with sexually abusing children can locate them and make the initial contact using a\u00a0different interactive, communications technologies. Usually the adult and the child will\u00a0initially meet in an Internet chat room. Committed paedophiles are known to frequent chat\u00a0rooms that are popular with children such as chat rooms related to music, fashion, or sport.<\/p>\n The paedophile may be very skillful in communicating with children, he shows himself to the\u00a0child as a nice guy or tries to become their special friend and persuades the child to leave the\u00a0public space and go off into a private chat room. The paedophile and the child can then\u00a0arrange to continue to communicate with each other in different ways. He will ensure that the\u00a0child does not keep any record of their conversations, as sooner or later he will seek to\u00a0sexualize the contact and conversations as part of the grooming process. The effect on\u00a0children of being sexually abused is almost deeply damaging both in the short and longer\u00a0runs. A child who knew that images or a record of their abuse were out there on the Internet,\u00a0might be worried that the image could reach their classmates, neighbors or other family\u00a0members. Alternatively the image could fall into the hands of other people who know them\u00a0and who might then use it against them. Children who have been abused in front of a web\u00a0cam similarly could never be absolutely sure that they would not meet someone who might\u00a0have witnessed their abuse and recognize them in real life.<\/p>\n Privacy risk from game sites that ask children for extensive personal and\u00a0<\/strong>family information for marketing purposes:<\/strong><\/p>\n Moreover on the issues of children on the Internet, the privacy risks from game sites that\u00a0arise from asking children for extensive personal and family information for marketing\u00a0purposes. Many corporations seeking to capitalize on this market create websites that offer\u00a0games, quizzes, chat environments, and advice in order to encourage children to provide their\u00a0personal information, which can then be used to target the children with advertising, For\u00a0example Kraft, which owns Lifesavers, are interested in kids because of their spending\u00a0power. Corporations Typically, these children\u2019s sites play into their developmental needs in\u00a0order to encourage kids to talk about themselves. Many of these sites, like Tickle.com, use\u00a0personality tests to collect information from, and market to, individual girls. These quizzes\u00a0ask detailed questions about the child\u2019s personality, preferences, hopes, and aspirations. Since\u00a0children have to register with the site before they can access the quizzes, the marketer is able\u00a0to record the child\u2019s responses linked to his or her first and last name, zip\/postal code, email\u00a0address, gender, marital status, and level of education. This information can also be matched\u00a0against the data trail that the child generates as she surfs through the site, selecting articles,\u00a0chatting online and playing games. Tickle also uses the information they collect to target girls\u00a0with personalized advertisements.<\/p>\n Analysis and Assessment:<\/strong><\/p>\n Issue (1):<\/strong> \u201cThe possibility that children could obverse inappropriate content in the Internet\u201d<\/p>\n 1. Kantianism<\/strong><\/p>\n 1st formulation:<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed Rule \u201cSome people post graphic violence or sexual abuse or encouragement to harm\u00a0<\/strong>one\u2019s self or others\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Universalize<\/p>\n rule<\/p>\n Everyone can post graphic violence or sexual abuse or encouragement to harm one\u2019s\u00a0self or others and everyone can see it.<\/p>\n Result<\/p>\n 1- Physiological harms to the children.<\/p>\n 2- Children will try to apply what they see of encouragement to harm one\u2019s self or\u00a0others, which leads to death in some cases.<\/p>\n 3- May lead them to personal contact with potentially dangerous strangers to talk\u00a0about what they had seen instead of talking with their parents.<\/p>\n So, based on Kantianism first formulation this rule can\u2019t be universalized which makes\u00a0it morally wrong<\/strong>.<\/p>\n 2nd formulation:<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed<\/p>\n Rule<\/p>\n \u201cSome people post graphic violence or sexual abuse or encouragement to harm\u00a0<\/strong>one\u2019s self or others\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Goal People who post these kinds of posts aim to gain fame and attention of others or satisfy\u00a0their physiological desires.<\/p>\n Mean Since everyone can see the posts including children, innocent people who shouldn\u2019t see\u00a0this content including children will become the mean to achieve their goal.<\/p>\n Result So, based on Kantianism second formulation this rule is morally wrong<\/strong>.<\/p>\n 2. Act Utilitarianism<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed<\/p>\n Rule<\/p>\n \u201cSome people post graphic violence or sexual abuse or encouragement to harm one\u2019s\u00a0<\/strong>self or others\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Benefits 1. Sometimes this content may be used to increase the knowledge of the child about the\u00a0inappropriate actions and things to avoid.<\/p>\n Harms<\/p>\n 1. Physiological harms to the children.<\/p>\n 2. Children will try to apply what they see of encouragement to harm one\u2019s self or\u00a0others, which leads to death in some cases.<\/p>\n 3. May lead them to personal contact with potentially dangerous strangers to talk about\u00a0what they had seen instead of talking with their parents.\u00a0<\/p>\n Result We can see above that harms overweigh the benefits, so, based on Act Utilitarianism this\u00a0rule is morally wrong.<\/strong><\/p>\n Our point of view:<\/strong><\/p>\n The theories above all agree that it is morally wrong<\/strong> that people post graphic violence or\u00a0sexual abuse or encouragement to harm one\u2019s self or others on the Internet. From our point of\u00a0view, we totally agree with this result since these posts will cause physiological harms to the\u00a0children, they will try to apply what they see of encouragement to harm one\u2019s self or others\u00a0which leads to death in some cases and may lead them to personal contact with potentially\u00a0dangerous strangers to talk about what they had seen instead of talking with their parents. We\u00a0actually think these posts will kill the childhood innocence.<\/p>\n Issue (2):<\/strong> \u201cContacting with people who seek to abuse children\u201d<\/p>\n 1. Kantianism<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00ef\u201a\u2022\u00ef\u20ac\u00a01st formulation:<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed<\/p>\n Rule \u201cPeople who seek to abuse children contact them on the Internet\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Universalize<\/p>\n rule Everyone can use the Internet to satiate their bad desires.<\/p>\n Result<\/p>\n 1- The Internet will become a dangerous place everyone is afraid of.<\/p>\n 2- Crime in all of its forms is going to increase exponentially.<\/p>\n 3- Trusted content will significantly decrease.<\/p>\n So, based on Kantianism first formulation this rule can\u2019t be universalized which makes it\u00a0morally wrong<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u00ef\u201a\u2022\u00ef\u20ac\u00a02nd formulation:<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed<\/p>\n Rule \u201cPeople who seek to abuse children contact them on the Internet\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Goal People who make this kind of connection aim to satiate their desires.<\/p>\n Mean In this rule they use the children as a mean to satiate their bad desires.<\/p>\n Result So, based on Kantianism second formulation this rule is morally wrong<\/strong>.<\/p>\n 2. Act Utilitarianism<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed<\/p>\n Rule \u201cPeople who seek to abuse children contact them on the Internet\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Benefits No benefits.<\/p>\n Harms<\/p>\n 1. A child who knew that images or a record of their abuse were out there on the\u00a0Internet, might be worried that the image could reach their classmates, neighbors or\u00a0other family members; which will shake his\/her self-confidence.<\/p>\n 2. Children who have been abused in front of a web cam similarly could never be\u00a0absolutely sure that they would not meet someone who might have witnessed their\u00a0abuse and recognize them in real life; which may make them prefer the isolation and\u00a0hate the social life.<\/p>\n 3. The image of the child\u2019s abuse could fall into the hands of other people who know\u00a0them and who might then use it against them.<\/p>\n Result We can see above that harms overweigh the benefits, so, based on Act Utilitarianism\u00a0this rule is morally wrong.<\/strong><\/p>\n Our point of view:<\/strong><\/p>\n The theories above all agree that it is morally wrong<\/strong> that people who seek to abuse children\u00a0contact them on the Internet. From our point of view, this result is absolutely right, since\u00a0these kinds of communication will harm the child, shake his\/her self-confidence, make them\u00a0prefer the isolation and hate the social life, the image of the child\u2019s abuse could fall into the\u00a0hands of other people who know them and who might then use it against them also, the\u00a0Internet will become a dangerous place everyone is afraid of, crime in all of its forms is going\u00a0to increase exponentially and finally trusted content will significantly decrease.<\/p>\n Issue (3):<\/strong> \u201cPrivacy risk from game sites that ask children for extensive personal and family\u00a0information for marketing purposes\u201d.<\/p>\n 1. Kantianism<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00ef\u201a\u2022\u00ef\u20ac\u00a01st formulation:<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed<\/p>\n Rule<\/p>\n \u201cGame sites collect personal and family information from children for marketing\u00a0<\/strong>purposes\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Universalize\u00a0rule Everyone can collect private information from children.<\/p>\n Result<\/p>\n 1- May result in child giving her\/his parents\u2019 credit card number or financial\u00a0information.<\/p>\n 2- Crime in many of its forms is going to increase, since many of the private\u00a0information had been leaked.<\/p>\n 3- Blackmail propagation.<\/p>\n So, based on Kantianism first formulation this rule can\u2019t be universalized which makes it\u00a0morally wrong<\/strong>.<\/p>\n \u00ef\u201a\u2022\u00ef\u20ac\u00a02nd formulation:<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed<\/p>\n Rule<\/p>\n \u201cGame sites collect personal and family information from children for marketing\u00a0<\/strong>purposes\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Goal People who collect these information aim to promote for their products or services in\u00a0order to increase their revenue.<\/p>\n Mean In this rule they use the children as a mean to collect the personal and family\u00a0information needed for this promotion.<\/p>\n Result So, based on Kantianism second formulation this rule is morally wrong<\/strong>.<\/p>\n 2. Act Utilitarianism<\/strong><\/p>\n Proposed<\/p>\n Rule<\/p>\n \u201cGame sites collect personal and family information from children for marketing\u00a0<\/strong>purposes\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Benefits<\/p>\n 1. Child would benefit from enjoying playing the games.<\/p>\n 2. Some of these games may enhance his\/her intelligence and his\/her way of thinking.<\/p>\n 3. Corporations will suggest the appropriate games based on the collected information\u00a0(ex: age, gender, interests, etc.) ; so both parties will benefit.<\/p>\n Harms<\/p>\n 1. Parents or any of the family members of the child will receive so many annoying\u00a0spam emails.<\/p>\n 2. Corporations sell these personal and family information to other corporations without\u00a0the permission of the information\u2019s owner.<\/p>\n 3. Parents or any of the family members of the child may receive many annoying sales\u00a0or advertisements\u2019 phone calls or SPIMs*.<\/p>\n 4. All of the above wastes the target\u2019s time, since the information had been collected\u00a0without his\/her permission which means (s)he\u2019s not interested in these\u00a0advertisements.<\/p>\n *<\/p>\n SPIM: Stands for Spam Instance Messaging.<\/p>\n Result We can see above that harms overweigh the benefits, so, based on Act Utilitarianism\u00a0this rule is morally wrong.<\/strong><\/p>\n Our point of view:<\/strong><\/p>\n The theories above all agree that it is morally wrong<\/strong> to collect personal and family\u00a0information from children for marketing purposes. Also, from our point of view we agree\u00a0with this result, because the parents or any of the family members of the child will receive so\u00a0many annoying spam emails, their information will be exchanged between the companies\u00a0without their permission and they also will receive so many annoying sales or\u00a0advertisements\u2019 phone calls. These things wastes so much time especially if the targeted\u00a0person is not interested in these advertisements.<\/p>\n Summary and conclusions:<\/strong><\/p>\n To summaries, the Internet today has a very useful and important resources and a lot of\u00a0schools depend on it almost completely, but also there is no clear accepted view that will\u00a0everyone agree on when it comes to also protection. We had explained some issues such as:<\/p>\n The possibility that children could obverse inappropriate content in the Internet which prove\u00a0to be morally wrong based on Kantianism, Act Utilitarianism and from our point of view,\u00a0contact with people who seek to abuse children and privacy risk from game sites that ask\u00a0children for extensive personal which prove to be morally wrong based on Kantianism, Act\u00a0Utilitarianism and from our point of view and family information for marketing purposes\u00a0which prove to be morally wrong based on Kantianism, Act Utilitarianism and from our point\u00a0of view.<\/p>\n Eventually, we know that we can\u2019t prevent the children from accessing the Internet; instead\u00a0we can apply parental control over what the children can access. Moreover, children should\u00a0be aware of the consequences of what their actions may lead to. Various laws have been\u00a0passed to protect the children nowadays such as; The Child Online Protection Act (COPA),\u00a0which was passed to restrict access by minors to any material, defined as harmful to such\u00a0minors on the Internet5 and the Children\u2019s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA)\u00a0\u201cwhich was designed to limit the collection and use of personal information about children by\u00a0the operators of Internet services and Web sites\u201d6.<\/p>\n References:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n [1] S. Livingstone, L. Haddon.(2009, Sep 30). Kids Online: Opportunities and Risks for\u00a0Children. (1st Edition). [On-line]. Available:\u00a0http:\/\/books.google.com.sa\/books?id=aPsXzcjf9vMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Kids+Onlin<\/a>e+book&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SeaBVLrSAcisU5fSgPAP&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Kids%20Online%20book&f=false [Nov. 15, 2014].<\/p>\n [2] O\u2019NEILL S (2002), Paedophile Squad Saves Girl, 6, from Rapist Father, Daily Telegraph,\u00a03 July 2002, p. 7.<\/p>\n [3] J. Carr. \u201cchild abuse, child pornography and the internet.\u201d NCH (National Children\u2019s\u00a0Homes) (Dec, 2003).<\/p>\n [4] V. Steeves.(2006). \u201cIt\u2019s Not Child\u2019s Play: The Online Invasion of Children\u2019s Privacy.\u201d\u00a0University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal. Available:\u00a0https:\/\/monkessays.com\/write-my-essay\/uoltj.ca\/articles\/vol3.1\/2006.3.1.uoltj.Steeves.169-<\/a>188.pdf?origin=publication_detail [Nov. 17, 2014].<\/p>\n [5] A. Carr. (2013, Feb 26). Child Protection. (1st Edition). [On-line]. Available:\u00a0http:\/\/books.google.com.sa\/books?id=UwKfxyy_S2cC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ar#v=onepa<\/a>ge&q&f=false [Dec. 5, 2014].<\/p>\n\n
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