Study Bay Coursework Assignment Writing Help<\/p>\n
\u2018Getting results in policing is more important than how they are achieved\u2019. Discuss this statement with reference to the notion of police ethics.<\/u><\/p>\n
Ethics is essential to policing as ethical policing develops and sustains trust between the police and the public it serves. Police corruption, noble cause corruption, \u2018Dirty Harry\u2019 dilemma, Sykes and Matza (1957) \u2018Techniques of Neutralization\u2019 theory, ethical egoism, and \u2018Act v Rule\u2019 utilitarianism are all specific ways of exploring unethical police behaviour being diverted from ethical behaviour, due to ethical laws protecting criminals \u2018human rights\u2019. Thus begs the question, is gaining results in policing more important than how they are achieved? <\/p>\n
When the question is posed \u2018can we be ethical?\u2019 for the large majority of us, the answer is perfectly clear. However, with regards to the policing system it is a complicated dilemma that is yet to be properly controlled and prevented. Ethics is vital to policing as this ethical quality not only affects the police officer in question but also the police organisation as a whole. Ethics is not only concerned with the individual police officer but as well as the policies and laws that are enforced to protect everyone\u2019s basic human rights. Police corruption is one form of unethical behaviour that is due to the authority and power placed and trusted upon the police officer. Power corrupts, and so with this perceptive view, police corruption comes in many stages of development. <\/p>\n
Kant describes police corruption as actions that \u201cexploit the powers of law enforcements in return for considerations of private-regarding benefit that violate formal standards governing his or her conduct<\/em>\u201d (Kleinig, 1996: pg. 38). Police corruption consists of a chain of events that starts from an innocent stage where police officers are sometimes given things for free by the public due to their official status. This process consists of three hypothesis, such as; the society \u2013 at \u2013 large explanation, the structural explanation; and finally the \u2018rotten-apple\u2019 explanation (Pollock, 2006). The society-at-large explanation is concerned with the fact that police officers start to expect things to be free, once experiencing small-pay offs and bribes from the public, which leads to more serious crimes known as the structural explanation. This finally leads to the \u2018rotten-apple\u2019 explanation where the officer concerned is purely of dark character morally. One known form of corruption is \u2018noble cause corruption\u2019.<\/p>\n \u2018Noble Cause Corruption\u2019 (Klockars, 1985), is an act on behalf of the police officer, who is committing a illegal and most certainly unethical crime, on good intentions, to justifiably reach an end result that is noble. For actions that are done for the sake of good are, nevertheless, morally wrong actions. The police officer(s) in question are only acting for the sake of what they \u2018believe\u2019 is morally right, but in fact it is not morally right; their belief is a false belief. For example, suppose a police officer forms a \u201ccorrupt relationship\u201d with a suspected criminal and develops criminal acts to create a portfolio of evidence to convict the criminal. How ethical would this be, despite gaining positive results in policing? Noble cause corruption is strongly related to the \u2018Dirty Harry\u2019 phenomena and so an explanation of this phenomenon is due. <\/p>\n The \u2018Dirty Harry Problem\u2019 (Klockars, 1980) is based upon the notion that certain individuals of the police force turn to \u2018dirty\u2019 means of convicting a suspected criminal. Police officer\u2019s who employ such \u2018dirty\u2019 means think that, by doing this, they achieve three things at the same time. The officer believes that what he\/she is doing is morally right; their actions are lawful; and that the wider community will support such heroic behaviour (Thomson, 1999). <\/p>\n The movie titled \u2018Dirty Harry\u2019 (Siegel, 1971) involved a fictional character named Inspector Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) who pursued a criminal named \u2018Scorpio\u2019 who kidnapped a 14 year old girl and demanded a $200, 000 ransom to release the girl who was buried with just enough air to last a few hours. Eventually Harry apprehends and tortures Scorpio into telling the location of the girl and gaining a forced confession from the suspect. An unethical procedure, but none the less, gaining \u2018results\u2019 (Siegel, 1971).\u2019Dirty\u2019 harry was purposely given this title to the character, harry Callahan, because of the fact that he employs \u2018dirty\u2019 means of gaining positive results and infringing upon the criminals \u2018human rights\u2019. <\/p>\n \u2018Dirty\u2019 Harry, at the end of the film, took his badge and threw it into the river. This strongly suggested that he has lost faith in the effectiveness of the policing system and thus indicating his resignation (Siegel, 1971). When gaining positive results in policing, it can sometimes be in direct conflict with not following ethical boundaries, thus, being ethical is a rule that appears, according to the \u2018Dirty Harry\u2019 movie plot, to be in the favour of the criminal, technically putting the police officer at a disadvantage due to \u2018criminal rights\u2019 being made available to them. According to Sykes and Matza\u2019s \u2018Techniques of Neutralization\u2019 theory, unethical police officer\u2019s justify their behaviour in one of five methods. <\/p>\n Skye\u2019s and Matza\u2019s (1957) proposed the \u2018Techniques of Neutralisation\u2019 theory which demonstrates five basic methods of justifying deviant behaviour from the delinquent individual. The theory is relevant to police ethics as well as the fact that gaining results within the police service can never exceed the ethics of policing itself due to morality and basic human rights for which the police was based and built upon. \u2018Techniques of neutralisation\u2019 theory explains how lawbreakers are able to protect themselves from feeling of guilt and negative self-image by justifying their conduct. The five methods are: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of condemners, and appealing to higher loyalties.<\/p>\n Denial of responsibility is concerned with how, within the context of the police work, violence may be regarded as an appropriate and necessary reaction to defiant citizens. Denial of responsibility is established when the police officer in question believes that, where excessive force is used, he\/she was provoked by the citizen and therefore \u2018ethically\u2019 rationalised his\/her behaviour. This shifts responsibility for the use of force away from the officer to the citizen (Albanese, 2006). <\/p>\n Denial of injury covers such areas as stealing and violating constitutional rights. Stealing from suspects for personal gain with the threat of blackmail if ever the suspect reported the officer to the police notes the power a police officer possess, given the position of the suspect\u2019s situation. Kant suggests that \u201c\u2026Whoever tells a lie, however well intended he might be, must answer for the consequences, however unforeseeable they were, and pay the penalty for them<\/em>\u201d (Klockars, 1996: pg. 79). Kant describes a perfect example that no matter what the situation may be, telling a lie is unacceptable. Fabrication of evidence is an excellent example as although it may help seal a conviction of a major known criminal, is none-the-less a false conviction.<\/p>\n This brings \u2018Kantian ethics\u2019 into consideration. Kant believed that the term \u2018motive\u2019 is the most important variable when considering what is ethical and what is not. To be more exact, motives can be defined by acting in a \u2018sense of duty\u2019 towards others. For example, helping a person out of pity or to promote one\u2019s self in face of others is not a ethical, moral action, but out of remorse and unethical means. When considering a complex situation, such as a police officer protecting a witness from murder, what does one do? Such an example goes against Kant\u2019s beliefs on moral, ethical values.<\/p>\n Denial of victim is concerned with those who run from police, use illegal drugs, or defy authority are \u2018threats\u2019 predetermined as dangerous and are in need of \u2018punishment\u2019. This perception gives the notion of the police being the \u2018saviour\u2019 of all deviant acts and that they are justifiable in the eyes of the law and that these aforementioned acts must be punished to sustain control and authority through the wider community and the state as a whole.<\/p>\n Condemnation of the condemners lies with the notion that the problem lies not with the officer\u2019s motives or behaviour but with the rules, motives, and perception of those who would control and judge them. The police argue that not only do they fight criminality but also have to do battle with public criticism, judges who are too lenient, citizen lawsuits and citizen complaints against the police system. This gives a \u2018loophole\u2019 for criminals which makes police work more difficult. With such added hurdles, condemnation of the condemners seem rational and logical from the police officer\u2019s perspective. <\/p>\n Appealing to higher loyalties is concerned with the fact that police officer\u2019s will always protect \u2018their own\u2019 against any case of accusations or complaints against a police officer. However, protecting another officer \u2013 even when this involves unethical and illegal conduct is expected and regarded as noble as it demonstrates loyalty and solidarity. \u2018Power corrupts\u2019, and so with this \u2018police power\u2019, the officer will use this power to appeal to higher loyalties for their own personal gain. Personal gain is a one of many attributes of human qualities to achieve our goals in whatever means necessary. Such natural behaviour is assessed by \u2018ethical egoism\u2019 which critically examines our own hunger for wants and desires. <\/p>\n Ethical Egoism (Neyround, 2001) is a theory of human nature that states that we all have a strong desire for furthering our wants and desires. By nature, we are motivated to pursue our own wants and desires and, therefore, should act in accordance with our nature by following them (Neyround, 2001). Despite living in a civilised world, living according to the laws of the \u2018system\u2019, inevitable human nature, it seems, takes a hold of our behaviour when presented with opportunities to further our desires. We all naturally possess wants and needs, however, the morally relevant question to consider (with regards to unethical policing) is when, where, and to what extents are we justified in pursuing them? <\/p>\n The claim being made by ethical egoism is not simply that we have wants and needs; rather, it is that we are \u2018morally\u2019 obligated to pursue them on all occasions. Due to individual egoism, it would appear that furthering one\u2019s personal desires seems to be the corruption of human nature; that we are all out for ourselves on a majority. If ethical egoism theory is correct in its perception of human\u2019s desire for pursuing our own interests then surely police corruption is on a course of eternal reoccurrences of continuous self-indulgent behaviour, placed in a unrealistic police system to resist the temptation of abusing ones position. <\/p>\n A major critique of ethical egoism is that it does not provide a solution for conflicts that arise between competing self-interested individuals. Simply stated, this criticism suggests that our happiness and aspirations often comes into conflict with other individuals (Neyround, 2001). Further-more, this morality should establish rules of conduct that enables the peaceful and harmonious resolution of conflict. However, ethical egoism provides no such rules on principles. Instead, it understands life to consist of a never-ending series of conflicts on which each of us struggle to \u2018come out on top\u2019. By the nature of police officers everyday work, police officers are routinely placed in situations where personal advantages can easily be furthered through unethical and illegal means.<\/p>\n \u2018Act versus Rule\u2019 Utilitarianism (Quinton, 2003) demonstrates an argument of why police officers break the law. Act utilitarianism states and argues that \u2018ethical\u2019 laws are first decide whether public action would be taken if ever they disagreed with the laws were to be enforced upon the public. This is then, in turn, is further decided whether the law generates the most happiness for the public. However, critics of this theory argue that the minority, whether groups or individuals, would then be treated unfairly and biased upon, thus, not an ethical method to follow. This coincides with the notion of corrupt police officers fabricating evidence to convict an innocent civilian. It may please the majority of the population if this civilian was known for criminal acts in the past and present but it doesn\u2019t justify the action to wrongly convict an innocent.<\/p>\n \u2018Rule Utilitarianism\u2019 (Quinton, 2003), on the other hand, determines whether a rule should be followed. \u2018Rule Utilitarianism\u2019 argues that if a rule (law) pleases the majority of the population, then, it is in the public\u2019s interest to follow this \u2018rule\u2019, despite the objectionable minority. Capital punishment was once a rule followed by UK citizens as it resulted in the happiness of the majority with regards to killing extreme deviant individuals, even if an innocent had their life taken by mistake, as this overall pleased the population despite the \u2018odd\u2019 innocent loss of life. Critics argue that this reduces rule utilitarianism to act utilitarianism and the rules become meaningless (Quinton, 2003). From such examples, and as an ethical based theory overall, utilitarianism is not a perfect system, thus, flawed.<\/p>\n Ethics will either make or break an officer and the decision they make will either strengthen or weaken their ethical values. Police corruption, whether for noble or deviant reasons, weakens the officer\u2019s moral values and only further leads to deviant temptation. However, temptation and desire appears to be of humans natural instinct to \u2018come out top\u2019 and a means of furthering one\u2019s edge over another. Ethics can very much go against the officer inclined to solve a case, such as the \u2018Dirty Harry\u2019 dilemma, such as the criminals basic human rights (although non-deserving) benefits only the offender and develops a \u2018loop hole\u2019 for the offender to escape from justice. Police officers can be taught ethics to a certain degree, but it is the officer\u2019s own personal benefit to resist the urge of infringing upon criminals \u2018rights\u2019 and also taking an advantage of one\u2019s position. This \u2018loop hole\u2019 will promote a real dilemma for future policing and, thus, ethics is likely to play a prominent role in policing in the 21st century. (2124 words) <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Study Bay Coursework Assignment Writing Help \u2018Getting results in policing is more important than how they are achieved\u2019. 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