Cell & Tissue Function\/Dysfunction
\nAtrophy: decrease in size of cells.
\nHypertrophy: increase in cell size.
\nHyperplasia: increase in number of cells.
\nMetaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
\nDysplasia: cells vary in size & shape within a tissue.
\nAnaplasia: undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear & cell structure.
\nNeoplasm: tumor.
\nCell Damage
\nIschemia: oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems.
\nHypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue.
\nOxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump \u2191 intracellular Na.
\nTemperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation, disruption of cell membrane.
\nMicro-organisms
\nAbnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism.
\nNutritional Deficits
\nCell Death
\nApoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics.
\nNecrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood.
\nLiquification:dead cells liquefy due to release of enzymes.
\nCoagulation:cell proteins are altered or denatured causing coagulation.
\nCaseous:form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, cheesy.
\nFat: fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids.
\nTissue Damage from Chemicals
\nExogenous: from environment.
\nEndogenous: from inside the body,
\nTissue Damage from Physical Agents
\nHypothermia: vasoconstriction, \u2191 blood viscosity, hypovolemic shock \u2193 blood pressure.
\nHyperthermia: causes general vasodilatation, decrease in circulating blood volume.
\nRadiation: primarily affects actively dividing cells
\nBiological Agents
\nInsects\/Animals: direct injection of toxin, transmission of infectious agent, allergic reaction to insect proteins.
\nFood Poisoning
\nNormal Defenses of the Body
\n1st Line Defense
\nPhysical Barriers: unbroken skin, mucous membranes, nasal hair, clots.
\nFluids: may contain enzymes or chemicals:saliva, tears, gastric, sweat.
\n2nd Line Defense-non-specific
\nPhagocytosis:neutrophils & macrophages engulf cells, debris, foreign mat.
\nInflammation: automatic response to cell injury.
\n3rd Line Defense-specific defense produced by
\nAntibodies
\nCell Mediated Immunity
\nCellular Defenses
\nMast Cells: located in tissue & release histamine & bradykinin.
\nMacrophages: monocytes that enter tissue & act as phagocytes.
\nInterferons: small proteins made by lymphocytes to prevent virus replication.
\nWhite Blood Cells
\nGranulocytes
\nNeutrophils: work by phagocytosis.
\nBasophils: release histamine leading to inflammation.
\nEosinophils:combat the effects of histamine.
\nAgranulocytes
\nMonocytes:can enter tissue to become macrophages which function as phagocyte.
\nLymphocytes: B & T
\nAcute Inflammation
\nVascular Response: vasodilatation & increased capillary permeability.
\nCellular Response: migration of inflammatory cells through chemotaxis to injury site to destroy ineffective organism, remove damaged cells, released inflammation mediators.
\nExudate
\nSerous: watery, mostly fluids, some proteins and WBC\u2019s.
\nFibrinous: thick, sticky, high fibrin content.
\nPurulent: thick, yellow-green, contains leukocytes, cell debris & microorganisms.
\nAbscess: Pocket of purulent exudates or pus in a solid tissue.<\/p>\n
—-<\/p>\n
Function\/Dysfunction of Cells and Tissues
\nCell atrophy refers to a reduction in cell size.<\/p>\n
Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in cell size.<\/p>\n
Hyperplasia is defined as a rise in the number of cells.<\/p>\n
Metaplasia occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type.<\/p>\n
Dysplasia occurs when cells inside a tissue vary in size and form.<\/p>\n
Anaplasia is characterized by undifferentiated cells with varying nuclear and cell structure.<\/p>\n
Tumor: a neoplasm.<\/p>\n
Cellular Damage<\/p>\n
Ischemia is a lack of oxygen caused by respiratory or circulatory issues.<\/p>\n
Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue.<\/p>\n
Oxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump \u2191 intracellular Na.<\/p>\n
Temperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation, disruption of cell membrane.<\/p>\n
Micro-organisms<\/p>\n
Abnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism.<\/p>\n
Nutritional Deficits<\/p>\n
Cell Death<\/p>\n
Apoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics.<\/p>\n
Necrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood.<\/p>\n
Liquification:dead cells liquefy due to<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Cell & Tissue Function\/Dysfunction Atrophy: decrease in size of cells. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size. Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells. Metaplasia: mature cell type\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7650,7624,1387,7654,667,7649,7653,7652],"tags":[613,7594,1394,7598,7595,7593,7597,7599,7601,7590,7596,7591,7592],"class_list":["post-92816","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-assignment-writing-help","category-dissertation-help","category-dissertation-writing-service","category-healthcare-assignment-help","category-nursing-essay","category-research-essay-help","category-write-my-essay-for-me","category-write-my-essay-online","tag-best-dissertation-writing-services-uk","tag-cheap-custom-essay-writing-services","tag-custom-research-paper-writers","tag-custom-research-papers-writing-service","tag-essay-writer-websites","tag-essay-writing-service-quality-cheap","tag-free-research-paper-writing-service","tag-help-me-write-a-research-paper","tag-i-need-help-with-my-dissertation","tag-professional-dissertation-writing-service","tag-quick-essay-writing-service","tag-top-rated-dissertation-writing-services","tag-top-uk-dissertation-writing-services"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92816","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=92816"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/92816\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=92816"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=92816"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=92816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}