Paper
\ntl;dr Write a case study on a situation where the process of science has run off the rails.
\nCase Study: Flawed Process of Science
\nThe scientific approach has resulted in an explosion of technology and knowledge about our world. However, when applied without attention to integrity \u2013 to ensuring rigor, thoroughness, and accuracy \u2013 even honest, well-meaning scientists can reach incorrect conclusions. Worse, the intentional misapplication of the scientific method, or the use of the trappings of scientific study to lend credence to a spurious idea (\u201cpseudoscience\u201d), is a powerful tool of deception, in which bad actors claim that deliberate misinformation resulted from an unbiased scientific process.
\nIn this paper, you will explore what happens when the process of scientific thought is either negligently or maliciously derailed.
\nChoose a contemporary (roughly, since 1875) phenomenon in which this happened. (It doesn\u2019t have to be specifically about physics or astronomy; your example may come from any field that purports to use the scientific process, including the social sciences.) Your example needs to have at least the following properties:
\n\u2022\tSomeone made a claim purporting to be the result of scientific study
\n\u2022\tThis claim was false or not well-founded
\n\u2022\tThe incorrect claim resulted in some way from some failing in the process of science.
\n\u25e6\tThis might be because of an honest mistake
\n\u25e6\tIt might be because someone really should have been more careful
\n\u25e6\tIt might also be a result of deliberate deception or malice
\nAs a reminder, common fallacies that you will find include:
\n\u2022\tSampling bias: using a limited and biased data set that isn\u2019t representative of the broader population
\n\u2022\tOvergeneralization: drawing broad conclusions from limited evidence (i.e. generalizing from a psychological study of American college students to all people)
\n\u2022\tArgument ad hominem: rejecting legitimate scientific findings based on who the scientists are, rather than considering the data itself
\n\u2022\tIgnoring refuting evidence: failing to consider or deliberately ignoring evidence that calls into question the claim being made
\n\u2022\tManufacturing a controversy: attempting to erode public confidence in legitimate scientific conclusions by creating the appearance of a controversy when no real controversy exists
\n\u2022\tSensationalism: conflating a demonstration that something is exciting with evidence that is true<\/p>\n
contemporary (roughly, since 1875) phenomenon NB: The chosen contemporary phenomenon is Food Combining Diet.
\nSo, what do I want you to do?
\nWrite a short essay of 750-1500 words (2-3 pages single spaced; 3-6 pages double spaced) that discusses what happened, and describes in what way the principles of scientific integrity or rigor were compromised.
\nYour paper should also describe what \u201cwarning signs\u201d someone else might observe that would hint that something is wrong. What questions should a skeptical audience (whether fellow scientists or the general public) have asked that could point out the flaws in the argument being made? This is especially important if you are discussing an example of deliberate misinformation: how could someone else have recognized that they were being lied to?
\nFinally, if the issue resulted from negligence or a mistake, rather than a deliberate attempt to deceive anyone, describe what the researchers should have done instead to ensure that they didn\u2019t reach incorrect conclusions.
\nA few notes:
\n\u2022\tThis topic (sample nursing essay examples by the best nursing assignment writing service) may lead you into political territory. It is perfectly okay to have clear views. For instance, if you believe that one side of an issue has more merit than the other, you do not need to spend \u201cequal time\u201d articulating the position of the \u201cother side\u201d that you believe is faulty. (We will of course evaluate your work based on whether you state your positions well and thoughtfully, not whether the person grading your paper agrees with you!) However, your paper should focus on the process of science and how it has gone astray; it shouldn\u2019t simply be an advocacy paper for a particular policy position.
\n\u2022\tYou may write about a single experiment\/claim, or a series of linked claims that form a coherent movement.
\nWhat do we expect regarding citation of sources and academic integrity?
\n\u2022\tWe expect you to write an articulate essay consisting of both your own thoughts and (possibly) research that you do at the library or on the internet.
\n\u2022\tWe expect you to show clearly which text is original to you, which reflects ideas which you found elsewhere but have digested and expressed in your own words, and which text is a direct quote from someone else\u2019s words. In short, you need to cite your sources, in any clear format you are familiar with. You do not need lots of sources, but any references you use you should tell me about. This should include at a minimum URL\u2019s and page titles for online sources, and book titles, authors, and publication years for books. Note that extensive use of direct quotes is discouraged. A direct quote should only be used when the original author said it better than you possibly could, and if that is often the case, then this makes us question your writing skill!
\n\u2022\tWe expect you to critically consider the validity and reliability of your sources. Just becuse something shows up in a Google search does not mean that the author is well-informed. (Of course, you will likely be citing incorrect things in order to talk about them!)
\n\u2022\tWe expect you to write your paper yourself. Remember my standard for academic integrity: \u201cacademic dishonesty consists of substituting someone else\u2019s understanding for your own.\u201d Talk to other people (and cite them). Look stuff up online! Talk to your friends and get them to read your paper for you! But, ultimately, you must understand everything you write, and have composed the words yourself.
\nHow will this be graded?
\nThe grading will be done by a combination of your recitation TA\u2019s and professors.
\nIf you write an exemplary essay here, especially one that teaches us something we didn\u2019t know, you may earn extra credit.
\nLonger papers will get no higher of a grade unless they use their extra words to actually say something interesting. There are almost five hundred of you and grading is going to take a while, so if you only have a few things to say, say them well and succinctly, and be proud.
\nWe will grade you based on:
\n\u2022\tinsight into the process of science and factual correctness
\n\u2022\tclarity of writing. Note that we will not nitpick spelling or minor grammar issues, and will be particularly lenient to students who have not lived for long in an English-speaking country. I\u2019m more interested in whether your ideas fit together to tell a coherent story.
\n\u2022\tcreativity, in particular in relating your issue to other issues or trends in human thought
\n\u2022\tWe are not looking for perfection; we are looking for insight. I am aware that many of you speak English as a second language. Don\u2019t worry about your English skills; I want to know what you think.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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