Water and Waste Water<\/p>\n
The table on the next page gives a list of sections which should be included in the report, and a detailed marking scheme for the report. Some sections are not applicable to both types of treatment plant.Under each section, you should describe the background to the process, and give specific details of how it is carried out in the plant you visited. You may mention alternative processes, but there is no need to describe alternatives in detail. If the plant visited does not have a particular process, the reasons and implications of not having it should be discussed.<\/p>\n
When you visit the plant, it would be useful to have prepared a list of questions in advance.You should look for reasonably detailed technical data \u2013 volumes, water quality, quantities of chemicals used etc.It is also a good idea to bring a camera.<\/p>\n
When writing the report you will need to get additional background information from textbooks and web sites.All material taken from these sources should be clearly referenced in the body of the report, with a list of references at the end.Copying material from sources without proper referencing<\/p>\n
Metric (preferably SI) Units should be used throughout \u2013 for example do not give flows in gallons per day, or tank dimensions in feet.<\/p>\n
\uf0a7\tDetailed Marking Scheme<\/p>\n
Section\tRequired details\tWater\tWastewater
\nIntroduction\tHistory of plant, background to need for treatment\t2.5\t2.5
\nLocation map \/ description\tMap of area, with plant and intake \/ outfall. \t1.5\t1.5
\nPopulation\tPopulation equivalent, related to volumes\t2.5\t2.5
\nHydraulic Loading\tTreated volume\t1.5\t2.5
\nOrganic Loading\tkg BOD \/ BOD concentration\t n\/a\t2.5
\nOverall process diagram \/ description\tDiagram (60), narrative(40) of flow through plant\t5\t5
\nWater quality\tWater quality standards required\t2.5\t n\/a
\nWater sources\tSource, cleanliness, adequacy\t1.5\t n\/a
\nEffluent Quality\tEffluent standards\t n\/a\t3
\nSite layout\tLayout drawing\t2.5\t2.5
\nPre-treatment\tScreening, grit, FOG removal, storm water – technical details\t3.5\t5
\nCoagulation \/ Flocculation\tChemicals, process, tanks sizes\t5\t n\/a
\nSedimentation \/ primary treatment\tTank sizes, types, cross-section\t6\t8
\nFiltration\tFilter bed size, depth of layers, cross-section\t7\t n\/a
\nDisinfection\tChemical dosage, methods, variations, residual\t5\t n\/a
\nFluoridation\tReasons, dosage levels, methods\t3\t n\/a
\nSoftening, pH correction\tReasons, dosage levels, methods \t2\t n\/a
\nStorage and distribution\tBrief description of reservoirs, distribution network\t3\t n\/a
\nSecondary Biological treatment\tProcess description, tank sizes, flows, retention times, sludge volumes, RAS %\t n\/a\t11
\nTertiary treatment – filtration \/ disinfection\tProcess description \t n\/a\t3
\nMonitoring \/ Testing \/ computer systems\tDescription of tests, frequency, actions\t3.5\t3.5
\nSludge treatment\tThickening, digestion, dewatering, drying, cross-section of plant\t2\t5
\nSludge disposal\tLandfill \/ agricultural land – quality, pollutants, quantity\t3\t4
\nCost analysis\tCapital & operating costs \t2.5\t2.5
\nOdour \/ noise\tOdour control, noise control\t1.5\t3
\nChemicals\tChemical handling, storage\t2.5\t2.5
\nPower consumption\tEnergy management, backup supply\t1\t1
\nHealth & Safety \/ Contingency planning\tProcedures\t3\t3
\nReport layout & writing style\tVisual, spelling & grammar, photos + captions, drawings + context\t5\t5
\nDiscretionary\tOverall impression\t7\t6.5
\n“Specificity”\tIs everything related to plant visited?\t15\t15
\nTotal\t\t100\t100<\/p>\n
General notes:
\nIf the background to a process is explained well, but no link to specific plant, 50%
\nSpecific plant description, but little or no explanation of process 60%
\nBackground to process plus specific plant description 70-100%<\/p>\n
Coagulation \/ flocculation
\nCoagulation is an essential process in the treatment of water for drinking and also wastewater treatment. Metal sulfates were used as coagulants, in particular Aluminium sulfate. This was done in order to remove the smaller suspended particles from the water. The water is pumped through a stored in a 1300 m3 tank (McCarthy Hyder Consultants, 2006).
\nPrimary treatment
\nThe pre-treated sewage is held temporarily in a tank in order to allow heavy solids to settle at the bottom and lighter solids together with oil and grease to rise to the top. Once the sunken solids and the floating impurities have been removed, the remaining water may be discharged or subjected to further treatment known as secondary treatment. In order to screen the water, the plant is fed from 1m wide channels. Four removal lines are used to remove sand and grease from the water that has undergone screening. Each removal line has a width of 6m and is 25m long. The screened water is then transferred to a storm tank of size 1300 m3 and an automatic penstock cuts it from the inlet chamber. The penstock opens automatically to divert waste water when the inlet chamber gets empty (McCarthy Hyder Consultants, 2006).
\nStorage and distribution
\nSeven pumps complete the raw sewage lifting and pumping system. Three of these pumps are rated at 55kW while the other 4 are rated at 200kW. At any time during operation, six of the pumps are used while the 7th one is held as a redundant pump in case of failure. The biological reactor id the plant is composed of four streams. Each stream is subdivided into 600 m3 capacity and 3000 m3 capacity for anaerobic and aerobic zones respectively. An odour control system covers the entire plant, with an odour treatment system installed at each step of the whole water treatment process. In order to remedy the flaws found during the commissioning of the plant, additional air treatment units were installed (McCarthy Hyder Consultants, 2006).
\nSludge treatment.
\nThickening is the first process in sludge treatment and occurs in a tank known as a gravity thickener. The volume of the sludge is reduced to less than half. After thickening, digestion takes place. The plant makes use of anaerobic digestion whereby organic solids are broken down into stable substances. The sludge is then dewatered through a combination of evaporation and draining through the sand via gravity. After dewatering the sludge undergoes thermal drying to remove all the water and have the solid sludge ready for disposal (Nathanson, 2018).
\nSludge disposal
\nThe transportation and disposal of sludge is a significant part of sludge management especially when considering the impacts on the environment and the cost. Sludge from Shanganagh Bray WwTW (Wastewater Treatment Works) is buried in sanitized underground landfills since Sludge contains fertilizer and is a soil conditioner. However, due to the presence of toxic chemicals, the land is not available for agricultural use for crops meant for human consumption (Nathanson, 2018).<\/p>\n
References
\nMcCarthy Hyder Consultants. (2006). Shanganagh & Bray Main Drainage Scheme. Employer’s Requirements. Bray: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
\nNathanson, J. (2018, April 05). Wastewater Treatment. Retrieved from Encyclopaedia Brittanica Inc: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/technology\/wastewater-treatment\/Sludge-treatment-and-disposal<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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