The Restless Ocean<\/p>\n
Chapter 10 Lecture<\/p>\n
Natalie Bursztyn<\/p>\n
Utah State University<\/p>\n
Foundations of Earth Science<\/p>\n
Eighth Edition<\/p>\n
\u00a9 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.<\/p>\n
Discuss the factors that create and influence ocean currents.<\/p>\n
Describe the influence ocean currents have on climate.<\/p>\n
Focus Questions 10.1<\/p>\n
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2<\/p>\n
Ocean currents<\/p>\n
Masses of water that flow from one place to another<\/p>\n
Surface currents develop from friction between wind and the ocean surface<\/p>\n
Huge, slowly moving gyres<\/p>\n
The Pattern of Ocean Currents<\/p>\n
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Five main gyres<\/p>\n
North Pacific gyre<\/p>\n
South Pacific gyre<\/p>\n
North Atlantic gyre<\/p>\n
South Atlantic gyre<\/p>\n
Indian Ocean gyre<\/p>\n
Related to atmospheric circulation<\/p>\n
The Pattern of Ocean Currents<\/p>\n
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The Pattern of Ocean Currents<\/p>\n
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Coriolis effect<\/p>\n
Result of the Earth\u2019s rotation<\/p>\n
Deflects surface currents<\/p>\n
To the right in the Northern Hemisphere<\/p>\n
To the left in the Southern Hemisphere<\/p>\n
Four main currents generally exist within each gyre<\/p>\n
The Pattern of Ocean Currents<\/p>\n
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Importance of surface currents on climate<\/p>\n
Warm currents transfer heat from low latitudes into higher latitudes (moderating effect)<\/p>\n
Influence of cold currents is most pronounced in the tropics or during summer months in the middle latitudes<\/p>\n
Chill the air<\/p>\n
Increase aridity<\/p>\n
Ocean Currents Influence Climate<\/p>\n
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Ocean Currents Influence Climate<\/p>\n
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Ocean Currents Influence Climate<\/p>\n
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Explain the processes that produce coastal upwelling the ocean\u2019s deep circulation.<\/p>\n
Focus Question 10.2<\/p>\n
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10<\/p>\n
Coastal upwelling<\/p>\n
The rising of cold deep water to replace warm surface water<\/p>\n
Wind-induced vertical movement<\/p>\n
Most characteristic along west coasts<\/p>\n
Coastal winds combined with Coriolis effect cause water to move away from shore<\/p>\n
Upwelling and Deep-Ocean Circulation<\/p>\n
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Coastal Upwelling<\/p>\n
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Deep-ocean circulation<\/p>\n
A response to density differences<\/p>\n
Factors creating a dense mass of water<\/p>\n
Temperature (cold water is dense)<\/p>\n
Salinity (density increases with increasing salinity)<\/p>\n
Called thermohaline circulation<\/p>\n
Deep-Ocean Circulation<\/p>\n
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Most water in deep-ocean currents begins in high latitudes at the surface<\/p>\n
A simple model of ocean circulation is a conveyor belt traveling from the Atlantic Ocean, through the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and back again<\/p>\n
Deep-Ocean Circulation<\/p>\n
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Deep-Ocean Circulation<\/p>\n
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Explain why the shoreline is considered a dynamic interface.<\/p>\n
List the factors that influence the height, length, and period of a wave.<\/p>\n
Describe the motion of water within a wave.<\/p>\n
Focus Questions 10.3<\/p>\n
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16<\/p>\n
Continental and oceanic processes converge along coasts<\/p>\n
Landscapes undergoing rapid change<\/p>\n
Interface (common boundary where different parts of a system interact) between continent, ocean, and atmosphere<\/p>\n
Transition zones between marine and continental depositional environments<\/p>\n
The Shoreline: A Dynamic Interface<\/p>\n
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Shorelines are constantly being modified by:<\/p>\n
Waves and storms<\/p>\n
Sea level change<\/p>\n
Stream erosion and deposition<\/p>\n
Glaciation<\/p>\n
Volcanic activity<\/p>\n
Tectonic forces<\/p>\n
Human activity<\/p>\n
A Dynamic Interface<\/p>\n
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18<\/p>\n
A Dynamic Interface<\/p>\n
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Waves<\/p>\n
Energy traveling along the interface between ocean and atmosphere<\/p>\n
Derive energy and motion from wind<\/p>\n
Ocean Waves<\/p>\n
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Wave height<\/p>\n
Vertical distance between a trough and a crest<\/p>\n
Wavelength<\/p>\n
Horizontal distance between successive crests (or troughs)<\/p>\n
Wave period<\/p>\n
Time interval for one full wave to pass a fixed position<\/p>\n
Wave Characteristics<\/p>\n
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Wave height, length, and period depend on:<\/p>\n
Wind speed<\/p>\n
Length of time the wind blows<\/p>\n
Fetch (distance the wind travels)<\/p>\n
As the wave travels, the water passes energy in a circular orbital motion.<\/p>\n
Wave Characteristics<\/p>\n
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Circular Orbital Motion<\/p>\n
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Waves in the Surf Zone<\/p>\n
Waves are unaffected by depth until they approach shore<\/p>\n
Waves begin to \u201cfeel bottom\u201d at water depth equal to wave base<\/p>\n
Slightly faster waves farther out to sea catch up and decrease the wavelength, which causes the wave to grow steadily higher<\/p>\n
When the wave is too steep to support itself, the wave front collapses, or breaks<\/p>\n
Surf is turbulent water created by breaking waves<\/p>\n
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Ocean Waves<\/p>\n
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25<\/p>\n
Describe how waves erode and move sediment along the shore.<\/p>\n
Focus Question 10.4<\/p>\n
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Beaches are composed of whatever material is available<\/p>\n
Some have a significant biological component<\/p>\n
Material does not stay in one place<\/p>\n
Beaches and Shoreline Processes<\/p>\n
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Beaches and Shoreline Processes<\/p>\n
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Wave erosion<\/p>\n
Caused by wave impact and pressure<\/p>\n
Breaks down rock, supplying sand to beaches<\/p>\n
Abrasion is the sawing and grinding action of water armed with rock fragments<\/p>\n
Wave Erosion<\/p>\n
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Wave Erosion<\/p>\n
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Rivers of sand<\/p>\n
Sand in the surf zone moves roughly parallel to the shoreline<\/p>\n
Wave energy causes sand to move perpendicular to the shoreline<\/p>\n
Wave refraction<\/p>\n
Bending of waves<\/p>\n
As waves first touch bottom in the shallows they are slowed, causing them to bend<\/p>\n
Wave arrives parallel to shore<\/p>\n
Sand Movement on the Beach<\/p>\n
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Wave refraction<\/p>\n
Wave energy is concentrated against the sides and ends of the headland<\/p>\n
Wave erosion straightens an irregular shoreline<\/p>\n
Sand Movement on the Beach<\/p>\n
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Sand Movement on the Beach<\/p>\n
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Longshore transport<\/p>\n
Beach drift<\/p>\n
Sediment moves in a zigzag pattern along the beach face<\/p>\n
Longshore current<\/p>\n
Current in surf zone<\/p>\n
Parallel to shore<\/p>\n
Moves substantially more sediment than beach drift<\/p>\n
Sand Movement on the Beach<\/p>\n
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Beaches and Shoreline Processes<\/p>\n
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Describe the features typically created by wave erosion and those resulting from sediment deposited by longshore transport processes.<\/p>\n
Focus Question 10.5<\/p>\n
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36<\/p>\n
Shoreline erosion influenced by local factors:<\/p>\n
Proximity to sediment-laden rivers<\/p>\n
Degree of tectonic activity<\/p>\n
Topography and composition of the land<\/p>\n
Prevailing wind and weather patterns<\/p>\n
Configuration of the coastline<\/p>\n
Shoreline Features<\/p>\n
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Wave-cut cliff<\/p>\n
Wave-cut platform<\/p>\n
Marine terraces<\/p>\n
Associated with headlands<\/p>\n
Sea arch<\/p>\n
Sea stack<\/p>\n
Erosional Features<\/p>\n
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Erosional Features<\/p>\n
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Erosional Features<\/p>\n
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Spit<\/p>\n
A ridge of sand extending from the land into a bay with a hooked end<\/p>\n
Baymouth bar<\/p>\n
A sand bar that completely crosses a bay<\/p>\n
Tombolo<\/p>\n
A ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or another island<\/p>\n
Depositional Features<\/p>\n
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Depositional Features<\/p>\n
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Barrier islands<\/p>\n
Mainly along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts<\/p>\n
Parallel the coast<\/p>\n
Originate in several ways:<\/p>\n
As spits severed from the mainland<\/p>\n
Created when turbulent waters heaped up sand scoured from the bottom<\/p>\n
Former sand-dune ridges that originated along the shore during the last glacial period<\/p>\n
Depositional Features<\/p>\n
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Depositional Features<\/p>\n
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The Evolving Shore<\/p>\n
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Distinguish between emergent and submergent coasts.<\/p>\n
Contrast the erosion problems faced along different parts of America\u2019s coast.<\/p>\n
Focus Questions 10.6<\/p>\n
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46<\/p>\n
Erosion problems along U.S. Coasts<\/p>\n
Shoreline erosion problems are different along the opposite coasts<\/p>\n
Contrasting America\u2019s Coasts<\/p>\n
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Shoreline classification is based on changes with respect to sea level<\/p>\n
Emergent coast<\/p>\n
Uplift of the land, or<\/p>\n
A drop in sea level<\/p>\n
Coastal Classification<\/p>\n
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Submergent coast<\/p>\n
Land adjacent to sea subsides, or<\/p>\n
Sea level rises<\/p>\n
Features of a submergent coast<\/p>\n
Highly irregular shoreline<\/p>\n
Estuaries<\/p>\n
Drowned river mouths<\/p>\n
Coastal Classification<\/p>\n
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Coastal Classification<\/p>\n
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Erosion problems along U.S. Coasts<\/p>\n
Atlantic and Gulf Coasts<\/p>\n
Development occurs mainly on barrier islands<\/p>\n
Face open ocean<\/p>\n
Receive full force of storms<\/p>\n
Development taken place more rapidly than understanding barrier island dynamics<\/p>\n
Atlantic and Gulf Coasts<\/p>\n
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Atlantic and Gulf Coasts<\/p>\n
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Erosion problems along U.S. Coasts<\/p>\n
Pacific Coast<\/p>\n
Characterized by relatively narrow beaches backed by steep cliffs and mountain ranges<\/p>\n
Major problem is the narrowing of the beaches<\/p>\n
Sediment for beaches is interrupted by dams and reservoirs<\/p>\n
Rapid erosion occurs along the beaches<\/p>\n
Pacific Coast<\/p>\n
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Pacific Coast<\/p>\n
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Summarize the ways in which people deal with shoreline erosion problems.<\/p>\n
Focus Question 10.7<\/p>\n
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55<\/p>\n
Responses to erosion problems<\/p>\n
Hard stabilization\u2014Building structures<\/p>\n
Groins<\/p>\n
Barriers built at a right angle to the beach<\/p>\n
Designed to trap sand<\/p>\n
Breakwaters<\/p>\n
Barriers built offshore and parallel<\/p>\n
Protect boats from breaking waves<\/p>\n
Stabilizing the Shore<\/p>\n
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Hard Stabilization<\/p>\n
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Seawalls<\/p>\n
Armors the coast against breaking waves<\/p>\n
Often not effective<\/p>\n
Hard Stabilization<\/p>\n
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Beach nourishment by adding sand to the beach system<\/p>\n
Relocating buildings away from beach<\/p>\n
Alternatives to Hard Stabilization<\/p>\n
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Explain the cause of tides as well as their monthly cycles and other patterns.<\/p>\n
Describe the horizontal flow of water that accompanies the rise and fall of the tides.<\/p>\n
Focus Questions 10.8<\/p>\n
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60<\/p>\n
Changes in elevation of ocean surface<\/p>\n
Caused by the gravitational forces exerted upon Earth by the Moon, and to a lesser extent by the Sun<\/p>\n
Tides<\/p>\n
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Tides<\/p>\n
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Spring tide<\/p>\n
During new and full moons<\/p>\n
Gravitational forces added together<\/p>\n
Larger tidal troughs and tidal bulges<\/p>\n
Large daily tidal range<\/p>\n
Monthly Tidal Cycle<\/p>\n
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Neap tide<\/p>\n
First and third quarters of the Moon<\/p>\n
Gravitational forces are offset<\/p>\n
Daily tidal range is least<\/p>\n
Monthly Tidal Cycle<\/p>\n
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Many factors influence the tides:<\/p>\n
Shape of the coastline<\/p>\n
Configuration of the ocean basin<\/p>\n
Water depth<\/p>\n
Diurnal pattern<\/p>\n
Semidiurnal pattern<\/p>\n
Mixed pattern<\/p>\n
Tidal Patterns<\/p>\n
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Diurnal tidal pattern<\/p>\n
A single high and low tide each tidal day<\/p>\n
Occurs along northern shore of Gulf of Mexico<\/p>\n
Semidiurnal tidal pattern<\/p>\n
Two high and low tides each tidal day<\/p>\n
Little difference in high and low water heights<\/p>\n
Mixed tidal pattern<\/p>\n
Two high and two low waters each day<\/p>\n
Large inequality in high water heights, low water heights, or both<\/p>\n
Prevalent along the Pacific Coast of the United States<\/p>\n
Tidal Patterns<\/p>\n
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Tidal Patterns<\/p>\n
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Horizontal flow accompanying the rise and fall of tides<\/p>\n
Flood current<\/p>\n
Advances into the coastal zone<\/p>\n
Ebb current<\/p>\n
Seaward moving water<\/p>\n
Tidal flats are alternatively covered and uncovered by tides<\/p>\n
Sometimes tidal deltas are created<\/p>\n
Tidal Currents<\/p>\n
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Tidal Currents<\/p>\n
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The Restless Ocean Chapter 10 Lecture Natalie Bursztyn Utah State University Foundations of Earth Science Eighth Edition \u00a9 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Discuss the factors\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8819,8823,8821,8818,8080,8079,8817,8816,8824,8820,8822],"tags":[8893,1053,8883,8885,8884,8888,8889,8890,8894,8892,8887,8886,54,8895,8891],"class_list":["post-99460","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-best-master-thesis-writing-service","category-best-thesis-writing-services","category-cheap-thesis-writing-services","category-master-thesis-help","category-master-thesis-writing-service","category-online-thesis-writing-services","category-thesis-help-online-free","category-thesis-writing-help-online","category-thesis-writing-services-cost","category-thesis-writing-services-near-me","category-thesis-writing-services-reviews","tag-australia-nursing-writing-help","tag-case-study-help","tag-criminal-justice-essay-writers","tag-criminal-law-research-essay-writers","tag-criminology-paper-writing-service","tag-essay-roo","tag-my-assignment-help","tag-need-nursing-assignment-help-in-australia","tag-nursing-assignments","tag-nursing-essay-help-by-australian-academic-writers","tag-nursing-essay-writing-help-australia","tag-nursing-homework-assignment-help","tag-nursing-writing-help","tag-nursing-writing-helpers","tag-treat-assignment-help"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99460","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=99460"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/99460\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=99460"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=99460"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studyproessays.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=99460"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}